190 Aster History; WESTERN REVIVAL 
Traces oF Revivinc BoraNy UNDER CHARLEMAGNE 
Medical studies, to which we might look for the early indica- 
tions of an awakening knowledge of plants in Western Europe, 
made a slight beginning under Charlemagne. But even the names 
of his two Jewish court physicians, Ferraguthus and Buhahyliha 
Bengesla, are claimed by Meyer to have been mistakenly attributed 
to his period. The latter is said indeed to have written his medical 
work Tacuin at Charlemagne’s command ; but according to Meyer, 
however, he is to be identified with that physician of the same 
name who died at Bagdad, 1100 A. D., a convert to Islam. 
Centers of learning grew up at Metz, Hersfeld, Osnabriick, 
Korvei, Reichenau, St. Gall, St. Emerau, etc., and especially at 
Fulda,* famed for monastic studies of Rhabanus, Grimoald and 
Walafrid Strabus ; not to omit the “school of the palace” at 
Charlemagne’s court, over which he placed the English scholar 
Alcuin, 782-804, preceded by Paulus Diaconus the Lombard, 
and by Petrus Pisanus who gave instruction to the monarch him- 
self. Distinct recognition of medical studies in the west appeats 
in Charlemagne’s Capitulare or charter for his “ Kathedralschule,” 
issued at Thionville,+ 806, empowering it to teach ‘ De medicinali 
arte ut infantes hanc discere mittantur.” 
XXXIV. CHARLEMAGNE’S CAPITULARIES, 800 + 
After Charlemagne t had been crowned emperor of Rome, 
December 25, 800, a classified list or Capitulary § of his poss 
sions was prepared at his order, copies of which were found in the 
Helmstadt and Wolfenbiittel libraries, and the 7oth chapter of 
which forms a list of the plants of the royal garden, including 
fruit-trees, kitchen-herbs and medicinal plants, and also orna- 
mental plants, as “ Rosae, Lilium, Gladiolus,” about 105 plants ™ 
all being catalogued. The few Compositae which occur are only 
* Fulda, in Hesse-Nassau, 53 miles northeast of Frankfort ; its abbey was founded 
744, around which the town grew up. 
ionville, the ancient ‘ Villa Theodonis,’’ the Diederhofen of the Germans, 0P 
the Moselle, 18 miles northeast of Metz. 
{ Charlemagne, born 742?, reigned 768-814, dying at his western capital, Aste. 
or Aix-le-Chapelle, January 28, 814. astidt 
4 The ** Capitulare de villis et cortis imperialibus,’’ first printed 1647, Hel , 
edited by Conring ; important editions are those of Bruns, Helmstadt, 1799, and 
Hanover, 1835 (in Monumenta Germaniae, 3: 181). 
