242 AstTER History; ARNALD 
XLIII. ARNALD DE VILLANOVA. 
Arnald de Villanova,* the celebrated alchemist and physician 
of 1240-1313, known as the commentator, about 1310, on the 
Regimen Salerni, becomes of chief interest to the student of Asters 
from his attitude in that commentary toward the Aster properties 
ascribed to Viola. He seems to have been the first to separate 
the purple violet of Dioscorides into its two components, suggest- 
ing that Dioscorides’ repeated violet properties belong to a different 
Viola purpurea from that with which his chapter begins, and that 
they belong to a Viola purpurea which has a double, 7. ¢., radiate 
flower. In this commentary,t+ his Eregesis,t page 293, chapter 64, 
eae Id de Villanova, translator of Avicenna, who also appears as Villanovanus, 
Arnauld de Villeneuve, Arnaldo de Villa Nova Barchinoe, Arnoldus de Novia Villa, 
etc. and as ‘‘ Arnald Bachuone, the learned philosopher and physician,” Poems 
“*the celebrated alchemist ’’ as others style him, lived 1240-1313 or some say 1248- 
1314, born at Villanova, Catalonia a, fide Mey at Villeneuve near Montpellier ac- 
cording to others lived asa physician in ie Paris, Montpellier, Rome Bologna. 
orence, Naples, and Palermo. Having fled from France and Italy he was received 
tary on the Regimen Salerni, ‘‘ that he might secure some good will and credit for sie 
ae with that king,’’ says Sylvius. This Frederick, known as Frederick the Hand- 
e, had become Duke of Austria in 1 1308, and was elected Emperor of Germany &S 
ek III. in 1314. Arnald’s death at Schiffbruck is placed in 1314 by Poggen- 
dorff, by Meyer and most authors in 1 313. Arnald is claimed to have been the discov- : 
erer of muriatic acid and of free alcohol. 
tI charias Sylvius’ edition of the ‘« Schola Salernitana,’’ as printed by Leers, 
Rotterdam, 1667 (ex dibr, Bu. b 
t Arnald’s £xegesis or rig conservanda sanitate, was printed in 1493 4 t Paris é 
Bocard, was soon translated into French and a appeared in a Spanish anslaton 8 
Burgos as early as 1552. Perhaps its editio princeps was Hain’s number 1817, wag : 
date, place or printer’s name, entitled < on cams sanitatis ad inclitum regem 
gonum a Magistro Arnaldo de Viltanov Phil- 
Among Arnald’s numervus fiestas on alchemy, 20 or more, are his Rosaries fs 
osophorum, Lumen novum, Flos florum, Speculum alchymiae, De lapide Philosop' praee 
etc. Among his other works are-his De arte cognoscendi venena (Milan, bie - 
Practica hialiias (Milan, 1483; Venice, 1494), De Phlebotomia (Leyden, edhe 
his Tractatus de Vinis, his De Aquae Vitae, his Poo medicinae, all printe 
Opera, 
1500; and his De salubri hortensium usu, Paris, 1607. His complete ee : i we 
etc., were published at Leyden, 1509, 1520, sae: Lyons with life, and wi a 
Tolerus, 1520, Strasburg, 1541, Basle, 1 For comment upon him se 
fi ‘Ar- 
Bibliotheca chemica curiosa, and Hoefer, Hist. de la Chimie, Paris, 1842; also‘ ar 
o de Vilanova y sus yerros teleologicos,’’ by Chabas, 1899 
e Encyclopedia Britannica, giving his dates as 1235-1313, remarked hag re 
Breviarium Practicae be rightly ascribed to hims his medical writings rise @ 
rank of compilations ”’ 
t soit the 
