244 ASTER History; ARNALD 
to that of double flowers in our ordinary sense, the two applica- 
tions blending in his mind. Still other applications of the term 
double flowers were common ; Scaliger for example (1484-1558) 
remarks on proliferous roses and proliferous carnations as another 
kind of doubling ; ‘they are called duplex at Padua,” he remarks 
of the latter, commenting on Theophrastus, 1, 21. 
The tendency to term radiate Compositae double when the flower- 
heads show such different colors as purple and yellow, finds an- 
other example in 1570, in Pena and Lobel, who, Adversaria, 123, 
say of Aster Tripolium L., 
** duplicis est floris, nempé lutei et purpurei.’’ * 
That Arnald is not to be understood as saying his second 
kind of Viola purpurea is a double flower in the same sense as the 
rose appears from his description of its center as “instar capilla- 
mentorum,” or composed of something resembling filaments; 
which would be applicable to Aster Amellus, but suggests some- 
thing much narrower than the inner petals of our present double 
violet. It might be urged that the present breadth of the super- 
numerary petals in our double violet has developed entirely since 
Arnald’s time, say 1280, A. D., and that the double violet of his ac- 
quaintance hadits center filled with staminodes reverting but slightly 
as yet toward petals. But this seems unlikely, since Theophrastus’ 
reference, c. 320 B. C., speaks of the double violet in the same 
way as of the double rose, and implies therefore that the violet 
was in Theophrastus’ time fairly double, the double rose which is 
*Said by Pena and Lobel when explaining the current reputation of Aster Tri- 
polium as ‘*changing color thrice a day’’ (Dioscorides), which reputation they ee 
plained as arising from the earlier de elopment of the yellow center and the rapid opening 
thereafter of the whitish rays which soon turn purple; or, as they say, ‘‘in other 
respects Tripolium agrees exquisitely, though not indeed experiencing change of se 
in another part of a purp 
leaflets radiately situated 
