MEDIAEVAL VIOLETS 245 
linked with it having been already called a flower of 60 petals by 
Herodotus,* and of 100 by Theophrastus. + 
That Arnald should have seen Aster Amellus himself or should 
have known of it from others, is not improbable, considering his 
numerous changes of abode, conversant as he was not only with 
Italy and France but with Alpine Germany. 
That he should speak of it loosely as*a purple violet is not 
surprising, when we consider the strength of the mediaeval tend- 
ency { to call anything a violet if it was sufficiently showy— 
modesty in the violet not yet impressing the mediaeval observer 
as its chief characteristic. 
| Among other comments by Arnald upon the plants of the 
Regimen Salerni, the following relate to plants allied to Aster 
or confused with it. 
Conyza, fleabane ; species of Pulicaria, etc., p. 288, Arnald 
quotes Pamphilius as mentioning this, among his numerous flea- 
remedies and Saying ‘aut conizae coctae decoctum irroratum.”’ 
Chelidonium, Pp. 305. Beside its usual potency, used by swal- 
lows to open the eyes of their young, adding, “ hence it is known 
Pe metas 
born B. C. 484), book 8, airéuara (spontaneous) poda- év Exacrov 
@ $bAAa, “in Macedonia, more fragrant than many other roses.’’ 
t Theophrastus, 6, 6, the Rosa centifolia of Theodorus Gaza; ‘‘ also in Macedonia ; 
but small and of little odor.’’ 
t Witness the following examples among applications of the name Viola in the half 
century following Fuchs in 154 
* Herodotus ( 
ef fro. 
Viola anonymos inodora, Gesner, —= Specularia 
Viola candida, Bock, = Cheiranthus incanus L. 
Viola domestica, Anguillara, — Cheiranthus incanus L. 
Viola fi » V. barbata, etc., — Dianthus s 
Dodoens, Clusius, Dalechamp, = Lunarta rediviva L. . 
ia, Tabernaemontanus, Gerarde, Lunaria rediviva L. 
, Gesner, — Came/ina. 
Viola lutea, Fuchs, Dodoens, Caesalpino, Gerarde, = Chetranthus erysimoides L. 
tole Mariana, G oens, = Campanula. 
Viola matronalis, Fuchs, Wm. Turner, Caesalpino, —=Cheiranthus incanus L. 
Mi nalis, Gesner, Dodoens, = Hesperis matronalis 5 
me eruviana, Tabernaemontanus — the Marvel of Peru, the ddmtrabilis Peru- 
usius, 
— Purpurea, Bock, Iobel, purplish form of Cheiranthus incanus L. 
mln purpurea, Dalechamp, — Hesperis matronalis L. 
