288 Aster History; BARTHOLOMAEUS 
Lactuca, of which he quotes one etymology from Isidore that 
is correct, ‘ Lactuca ex lactei humoris substancia est vocata.”’ 
Lappa (Arctium Lappa, etc.) ‘of many kinds and all medicinal ; 
also called Philantrophos because it clings to garments as with affec- 
tion ; and also called Virgulta caballina* ; cures struma ; é¢ execra- 
bilia vitia stomachi curat.” The chapter is taken from Pliny, 
Dioscorides and Isidorus ; retains nothing of Pliny’s Lappa canaria 
or Argemon with its Aster mixture; but adds from Plateario 
“Lappa or Lappacium consumit apostematum.” 
Plants Confused with Aster. 
“ Plantago, arnoglossa or agni lingua ut dixit Ysidorus li, 
xvii; ... est herba maxime conveniens medicine. Nam vulnera 
sanet etiam canis rabidi...tumores sedat . . . venenos repugnat 
...apostemata dissipat..., ut dic[itur] Dyas[corides], qui 
multriformiter laudat virtutes magnificas arnoglossae.”’ 
“ Celidonia is an herb of yellow flower and fruit, staining the 
hand that touches it.” Its “notabiles virtutes” are reported from 
“Dioscorides, Plinius and Platearius” ; but imported Aster char- 
acters no longer appear. 
Gariophilum = cloves; not Dianthus nor Aster root nor 
Geum. 
Viola retains practically no imported Aster characters ; none at 
all unless that of relieving inflation and hastening delivery. He 
begins by adopting Isidorus’ foolish etymology, ‘“ Viola propter 
violenciam odoris sic est nominata; ut dicit Ysido.” The inter- 
esting feature of Bartholomaeus’ chapter on Viola, is the addi- 
tion of a new portion which reveals Bartholomaeus’ own affection 
for the flower, and which lost no quaintness in the Berkeleya™ 
translation made into English a century later, which runs, as 
Wynkyn de Worde printed it in 1495, in this wise: “ Violet 1s 4 
lytyll herbe in substaunce, and is better fresshe and newé than 
whan it is olde. And ye floure thereof smellyth moost; and S° 
the smelle thereof abatyth hete of the brayne ; and refressyth and 
comfortyth the spyrytes of felynge; and makyth slepe ; for ! 
w 
* From the breadth of the leaves of the burdock? since Ungula caballina - 
long been in use for Tussilago and with Bartholomaeus for Asarum, on account 
broad leaves ; Coltsfoot being its modern representative. 
