380 Aster History; ANGUILLARA 
Oculus Consulis also occurs, _—* a 9% as a name ‘‘used by some for rea 
pater or ain ar pea with yellow flow ; the Herb Christopher ? for Geu 
Plants named from Garyophylton. iia ae was primarily flower bud ee the 
clove tree ; he Gariofilus of Macer Floridus, no. 72; so perhaps only, until after Pliny. 
Early in the Middle Ages it was applied to the clove pink and then to carnations and 
pinks in general, either in the same form Sa cc ee de Manliis, etc.) 
or softened to peer te (Lobel, C. Bauhin, Clusius, etc.) or modified to Cary 
ophyllaea (Bock, Matthioli, Dalechamp, Thal; or TF adaiied by Flos, as Flos Gart- 
ofilus (Cesalpino) ; other unlike es for various pinks of that period including 
Viola barbata (Dalechamp), Viola ‘nae ane), Viola Damascena ( Cesalpino ), 
Superba ( Bock, Lonitzer, Camerarius, Thal), Betonica (Fuchs), Veronica (Dodoens), 
Tunica (Dalechamp, Bauhin, Haller; and before these, by Man boda see’ below), 
and Diosanthus (Anguillara). C. Bauhin notes that the name Caryophyllus or Cary- 
ophyllaea was bestowed from the ao of the odor of the flower to the odor o 
cloves. A similar odor in its root led to the formation of the name Gariofilata for 
Geum urbanum L,, perhaps this name ae occurs in Cire aint where Plateario 
— it is called so because it has the odor . Gariofifi or clov: Gariofilata was 
e form used by Plateario, the Sinonimia d’ Estense, Crescenzi, ad ‘Cetsipino’ ; Gary- 
pt by Da Manlio (and a predecessor, one Leonardus), Hieronymus Brunsvicensis, 
Anguillara, Dodoens, and Lonicer ; Ca? eee sortie by Matthioli, ere 
c Tad ee in, etc. Its names of later use had already occurred, Geum in Gesner ; Herda 
Benedicta (whence Herb — in both Brunfels and anes and Benedicta in n Hilde- 
gardis, about 1160, and in Albertus Magnus, At first it seems to have sometimes in- 
cluded Dianthus L. fide the ca cis of about 1200 A, D. in the Sinominia d’ Estense. 
i (Sansovino) and Garofano (Matthioli) were common Italian forms used 
for the carnation in the sixteenth century, also Gelofre, whence Gilliflower, old English 
for the carnation. 
Garyophyllon was likely occasionally to cover Aster also, re oma remarking the 
agi the odor of Aster roots to ‘* Garofano’’ blosso imilar medical 
ses also united mre! the ancient use of Aster for goitre, quinsy or r other tia diffi- 
Nias seems alm ted in gee regarding the Gelofre by Dame Juliana 
Berners in her Siar ** Boke of St, Albans’’ (on hawking, hunting, and pri ; 
printed nti when she directs ‘‘ for vag gowte in the throte’’ of hawks, *<take.. 
Gelofre. 
Gai toe igi if intended to cover Tragopogon in the citation, e 375, from Silvatico 
d Da Manlio, may have been applied from the form of the flower head, the obconic 
ssielling cash that of Tragopogon suggesting that of Dianthus 
ophyllon, in the sense of Dianthus, was in old German de Negel-bliimen ( Brun- 
fels, 1531), or nail-head flower, from nege/, a clove. See Plateario for other refer- 
ences. Da Manlio, about 1450, writes of the carnations, ‘‘ There are certain flowers 
[pinks] in some parts of Italy which are called Garyophyili, because they exhale the 
odor of those garyophy/li or cloves that are found in the shops. Some are white, some 
red. They are found among the Lombards in great quantity, I do not find their name 
among authors ; but I have seen the plant pictured in a book which is written by Man 
fredus de Monte Imperiali,’’ (** Librum de simplicibus, qui in bibl. Parisina latet,”” 
said Bechiod of Manfred’s work, in 1797 ; Fabricius knew of a copy in Paris about 
1750; Meyer, Pritzel, Seguier and Bumaldus omit Manfred, Da Manlio’s reference 
seems alone to have saved the plant pictures of Manfred from oblivion. ) 
Manfredus himself called the pinks he pictures by the name of Tunici. An echo of 
