Reproducttoft of Angioapaj v 1 1 1 



VEGETATIVE MULTIPLICATION, as natural propagatk 

 increase in tlc number of individuals, mar occur in cases of special 

 secure dispersal of more or less readily detachable portions of the 

 latter regenerating the missing parts, and establishing new individuals. 



(i) Bods detached aa gemmae, Bulbils, small or eten large stec 

 on overground shoots: cf. bulbils in leaf-axils of LMwm tifrumm; leafy bods or 

 young plant-shoots borne on foliage-leaves, Nympkota, var.; many (ems as Affirm- 

 mm MH/trum; Bryophylbtm ; small axillary tubers of frana, larger tubers of 



pttropk**, 6 



(s) ViYlpary : often applied to the case of similar buds, found growing ont in 

 green leaves, produced > florescence sjsfrm, and replacing flower-bods; cf. 



,*//* sp.; viviparoua 'varieties of grasses, more partkmlarir in slpt coodWona, 



(3) Tips of decumbent branches, rooting on contact with soil; general in 

 Brambles, with abundant adventitious root-system, and death of intermediate portion: 

 occasional in trees, aa Spruce, Catlanta. 



(4) More general case of Stolons and ' liunrwa , giving radiating systems, the 

 laterals rooting and separated by decay of intervening portions, aa a method of 

 seeking new ground close at hand ; specialization of ' runners ' implies great inter- 

 nodal extension, cf. Strawberry. Laterals readily detached, Strnptrmmm and many 

 Cacti (Mamillaria. VAm<*<irtw-types, rolled by wind, or attached by hooka to 



i Is). 



(5) Similar extensions aa adventitious buds from surface-roots, the case of 

 Suckers', often at great distance; for herbaceous plants giving clustered habit 

 (Nettles, Raspberry, Roses), small trees aa Hazel, Plum ; or forest-trees aa Dm, 

 Poplar, giving natural regeneration. 



(6) More effective dispersal of perennating subterranean portions, aa readBy 

 detached laterals of bulbs, conns, tubers, in sandy soil, with special Hyp*****" for 

 wind- rolling. 



Cultural Propagation gives more remarkable effects, aa in : 



(1) Division of the root -stock (rhizome-system) of herbaceous perennials pmnfli 

 no special feature, all parts being present 



(2) ' 8ta ' and ( Cutting* ' include (he case of stem-portions only being taken, 

 as stakes of woody plants, sets, or shoots of more herbaceous parts as cutt 

 experimental origin, more effective in warm climate, poles and stakes of 



send out adventitious roots (Willow, Tamarisk) and regenerate a root-* 

 food-storage in main axis. 



(3) Herbaceous cuttings, as general case, more elaborate; the wound b 

 by a phellogen giving * wound-cork ', and relieved from the tension of tin 

 tissues, in good supply of free oxygen, active growth of parenchyma produces acbww- 

 mass of tissue (' callus '). From such active tissue, given food-supply of storage or 

 photosynthesis, adventitious roots arise endogenoosly, and regenerate the root-system ; 

 cf. Geranium cuttings ; Essential factors, exposure to air for healing of the wound, 

 food-storage in parenchyma (' ripened ' shoots), damp air to restrict loss of water tifl 

 new roots are established, optimum temperature to shorten the period of : 



(4) More marked cases of ' Regeneration ', as root-cuttings winch 



new shoot-systems from endogenous apices (Dandelion, Cc$*4yM); and even leaf- 



ngs {Bfgonia sp.) regenerating both new stem-apices and roots from 

 entiated callus-parenchyma. 



(5) Grafting, a more complex case, suggested anthropologically by striking 

 a cutting in another plant instead of in soil : more effective in favourable danatic 

 regions, and the general method of plant-improvement among the Chinese and 

 Romans (Columella) : cf. 'Plug-grafting', still in use in the case of the Olive of 



S. Europe : Inarching', observed in nature for branches of same tree, or adjacent 

 one, pressed together by weight; imitated by tying sterna together until anted at 

 cambiums ; can be done when the leaves are on (Vine), graft by approach '. 



cf. Parasitism of Visatm (Mistletoe) and other lorantnaceae, aa natural grafti* ; 

 the parasite making haustorial connexion with the xylem and water-supply of the host ; 

 i. e. taking only trajiapinuion-currem and non-colloidal din^ 



