The special case of several loculi, each protected by sclerocarp separately, gives 

 a Drupe with several ' stones '(= Pyrenae), e.g. Holly (sup: 4), Ivy (inf: 3-5). 



Note, Secondary biological adaptations utilize old structural factors regardless of 

 their original significance. Above simple generalizations are based on familiar types 

 of N. Temp, rone, and have little bearing on the immense variety of the Tropics. 



VIII. So far included types of simple ovary-construction (= Pericarp): Similar 

 growth-effects passing on to other floral-regions (e. g. receptacle) give varied types of 

 Receptacular Fruits ; especially noted if these also become edible : cf. Strawberry 

 with achenes ; Apple, Hawthorn. 



IX. The idea may be extended further to the case of Pseudocarps, in which 

 the growth again becomes edible, and involves the entire inflorescence-region (Pine- 

 apple, Fig, Bread-fruit) ; if not edible the effect is rarely noticed (cf. great head of 

 Sunflower in fruiting condition). 



Note. Facts are more important than names ; details of special cases are infinite, 

 and above generalizations are quite elementary. 



Beyond protective adaptation (essentially xerophytic), the evolution of the fruit- 

 mechanism depends on the necessity for the abscission and discharge of seed, fruit, 

 or associated structures, with provision for Dispersal, away from the vicinity of the 

 parent plant (in the normal case perennial). Mechanism of Translocation, (i) pro- 

 vided by plant itself, (2) physical movements of wind and water, (3)locomotor agency 

 of animal life (clearly the most special case). 



Note. Preceding mechanism may be (i) utilized, (2) intensified, as the 

 adaptation of something previously existing. Vestigial structures take on a new 

 lease of existence. Present adaptations may be so perfect that they are initiated at 

 an early date, and so appear * prophetic ', with no preceding significance. Perfect 

 mechanism, isolated by competition, may leave no trace of intermediate stages. 



I. Examples of auto-discharge : 



(a) By mechanism of Turgidity : Impaiiens,Ecballium\ including contact-stimulus. 

 (0) Tensions of lignified tissue : Viola, Pea-Pod, Geranium, Spurges, Buxus. 



II. Neglect of special precautions (general in indehiscent fruits), achene, nuts, 

 etc., left to physical chances : e. g. wind drifts sand and stones, according to velocity ; 

 any seed may be so shifted : flotation on water ; many float more or less till soaked 

 without special modification ; just as others may be carried in earth attached to living 

 organism. Interest centres in special adaptations : the greater as the more complex 

 in co-ordination of morphological, anatomical, or biological details. 



III. Wind : utilization of rounded form for rolling; flat forms as ' planes'; idea 

 emphasized in ' wing ' extensions of seed (a), of fruit (J3), of accessory structures (y) : 

 cf. Pinus, Oroxylum (a) ; Ash, Sycamore, Elm (ft) ; Tilia, Carpinus, Dipterocarp(y): 

 Utilization of Hairs; tufts, plumes, parachutes, on seeds, fruits, or accessory structures; 

 cf. pappus of Thistle : cases innumerable, each to be investigated independently for 

 (i) nature of structure ; (2) origin of mechanism ; (3) efficiency. Cf. Salix, Populus, 

 Platanus, Cotton. Also combined with small seeds, hairs, or wings. 



IV. Water-flotation: seeds or fruits with impermeable cuticle, cork-floats, 

 air-lacunae (A/nus, Iris): Special cases; gas-evolution (Nymphaca) \ air-cliamber 

 (Coco-nut): Note lime of floating ; chances of germination. 



V. Special utilization of Animal locomotion : Burr-fruits ; spinous fruits, 

 recurved hooks, thorns of xerophytic types. Hooks from styles, emergences on ovary- 

 wall ; accessory emergences on calyx, bracts, etc. (Burdock, Galium). 



VI. More significant, Internal Dispersal of seeds of ( Edible ' fruits by 

 birds, bats, monkeys, man. Highest animals and highest plant-types co-ordinated 

 Correlated adaptation (i) in fruit, as colour, scent, taste, food-value, sugar, oil; 

 'ripening' as incipient decay: (2) in seed, to resist triturition of bird, or digestive 

 enzymes of animal ; cellulose endosperm, protective testa, sclerocarp, etc. ; (3) adapta- 

 tion in animal ; dentition, size of bird and size of berry ; 10 mm. diam. for British 

 birds. Dispersal with a margin of loss, as by squirrels, rats, ants. 



Note, dry dehiscent fruits begin to appear as archaic relics. 



Effect on vegetation of the human race, still essentially fruit-eating, in terms 

 of dry fruits of cereals, beans, etc. ; cultivation of a few races, others regarded as 

 weeds ' ; tendency to eliminate indigenous flora. 



