indicating distinctive or 

 identifying features of the 

 landscape, depending on distance. 



Thermal cover 



For white-tailed deer, thermal cover 

 has 70 percent or more coniferous 

 canopy closure at least 20 feet 

 above the ground, generally 

 requiring trees to be 40 feet or 

 taller. 



For elk and mule deer, thermal cover 

 has SO percent or more coniferous 

 canopy closure at least 20 feet 

 above the ground, generally 

 requiring trees to be 40 feet or 

 taller. 



Timber-harvesting activities 



Refers to all the activities 

 conducted to facilitate timber 

 removal before, during, and after 

 the timber is removed. These 

 activities may include any or all of 

 the following: 



- felling standing trees and bucking 

 these trees into logs; 



- skidding logs to a landing; 



- processing, sorting, and loading 

 logs onto trucks at the landing; 



- hauling logs by truck to a mill; 



- slashing and sanitizing residual 

 vegetation damaged during logging; 



- machine piling logging slash; 



- burning logging slash; 



- scarifying and preparing the site 

 for planting; and 



- planting trees. 



Transaction evidence equation 



Multivariant regression based on 

 past sales and market variables. 



CJnderstory 



The trees and other woody species 

 growing under a, more or less, 

 continuous cover of branches and 

 foliage formed collectively by the 

 overstory of adjacent trees and 

 other woody growth. 



CJneven-aged stand 



Various ages and sizes of trees 

 growing together on a uniform site. 



Ungulates 



Hoofed animals, such as mule deer, 

 white-tailed deer, elk, and moose, 

 that are mostly herbivorous and many 

 are horned or antlered. 



Vigor 



The degree of health and growth of a 

 tree or stand of trees. 



Watershed 



The region or area drained by a 

 river or other body of water. 



Water yield 



The average annual runoff for a 

 particular watershed expressed in 

 acre-feet . 



Water yield Increase 



Due to forest canopy removal, an 

 increase in the average annual 

 runoff over natural conditions. 



Windthroio 



A tree pushed over by wind. 

 Windthrows (blowdowns) are common 

 among shallow-rooted species and in 

 areas where cutting or natural 

 disturbances have reduced the 

 density of a stand so that 

 individual trees remain unprotected 

 from the force of the wind. 



Glossary 



Page 7 



