10 

 and low elevation, and in forests dominated by mature Douglas 

 fir. 



The primary objective of these surveys was to determine if 

 boreal and flammulated owls were present on the Livingston 

 District (Table 1) . Most routes were surveyed only once, and 

 data should only be used as evidence of owl activity. Population 

 estimates are not possible with these data. 



The boreal owl survey covered 13 routes. Nine boreal owls, 

 10 great horned owls ( Bubo virginianus ) , 14 northern saw-whet 

 owls ( Aeqolius acadicus ) , 3 northern pygmy-owls ( Glaucidium 

 gnoma) , 2 western screech-owls ( Otus kennicottii ) , 1 barred owl 

 ( Strix varia ) and 14 unknown owls were counted. Unknown owls 

 were not identified due to adverse conditions or because 

 territorial calls were not heard. 



The flammulated owl survey also covered 13 routes. One 

 unverified flammulated owl, 2 boreal owls, 1 great horned owl, 1 

 northern saw-whet owl, 1 northern pygmy-owl, 2 great gray owls 

 ( Strix nebulosa ) , and 3 unknowns were counted. 



The secondary objective of these surveys was to describe the 

 distribution of all owls found on the Livingston District (Table 

 2). Because only one azimuth reading was obtained per owl, 

 precise locations were subject to observer bias in determining 

 distance and direction accurately. 



Great horned owls were observed in a variety of habitats, 

 ranging from low elevation aspen riparian zones to high elevation 



