190 THE CULTIVATED EVERGREENS 



where it forms a low diffuse shrub; in the open it becomes ascending 

 and taller, 



5. T. brevifolia, Nutt. (T. baccata var. brevifolia, Koehne). Western 

 Y. Tree 40-50 or occasionally 80 feet high, with slender horizontal or 

 somewhat pendulous branches forming a broad, open, pyramidal head : leaves 

 distinctly 2-ranked, sharply pointed, dark yellowish-green, 3^-% inch long: 

 fruit ripening in August and September; seeds ovoid, 2-4-angled. British 

 Columbia to Montana and California. — Introduced in 1854 to England. 

 In the eastern states it has as yet not been successfully grown, but plants 

 recently introduced to the Arnold Arboretum from Montana will probably 

 be hardy in Massachusetts. 



Fam. III. PINACE^. PINE FAMILY 



Resinous trees or shrubs without true vessels in the secondary wood, but 

 with resin-tubes: leaves linear, or needle-like, or scale-like, alternate or 

 opposite, evergreen or deciduous: flowers usually monoecious (dioecious in 

 Juniperus); anthers and ovules plainly subtended by scales (sporophylls) 

 both in true cones; the staminate scales usually bearing 2-6, rarely more, 

 anthers on the under side; the fertile flowers bearing 1-2, rarely many, 

 ovules on the upper side, or peltate and ovule-bearing under the crown or at 

 its base; ovules with 1 integument: fruit a dry woody cone with dry, often 

 winged seeds between the scales ; or (in Juniperus) berry-like tlu-ough the union 

 of the fleshy cone-scales; embryo with 2-15 cotyledons. (Fig. 29.) 



The family contains 33 genera with more than 250 species widely dis- 

 tributed in both hemispheres, but most abundant in temperate regions. The 

 genera described below are in cultivation in this country, while Fokienia, 

 Diselma, Actinostrobus, and Glyptostrobus are occasionally but rarely grown 

 in Europe; Callitropsis is probably not yet in cultivation. The name of the 

 family is derived from the genus Finns, the largest and most widely dis- 

 tributed genus. The family was formerly known as Coniferse and included 

 the Ginkgoacese and Taxacese, from which it differs in the presence of true 

 staminate and pistillate cones. Like other Gymnosperms it is an old group, 

 more abundant in former geologic ages. Many fossil species are known. The 

 Sequoias of California were formerly more abundant, extending to Greenland. 

 The young plants of many Cupressinese possess foliage quite different in 

 appearance from the mature foliage, the leaves being longer and more spread- 

 ing. These juvenile forms have been called Retinisporas, a name originally 

 applied to some Japanese species of Chamsecyparis. The leaves of Larix and 

 Pseudolarix are deciduous. The branchlets and leaves are deciduous in Taxo- 

 dium. The cone-scales of the Abietinete are double, an outer thinner 3-toothed 

 scale and a thick inner scale that bears the ovules. 



