ENUMERATION OF CONIFERS 195 



most species, or in the third, as in J. communis. (Juniperus is the ancient 

 Latin name of the genus.) — Tlie genus contains about 40 species distributed 

 chiefly throughout the extra-tropical regions of the northern hemisphere, 

 in America south to Mexico and the West Indies, and in Africa south to 

 the mountains of eastern Africa. 



Juniperus is closely allied to Cupressus, and sometimes hard to distinguish 

 without fruit; but young plants with needle-shaped leaves can almost always 

 be told apart, since Juniperus has whitish bands or marks on the upper 

 surface of the leaves, while the similar juvenile forms of allied genera have 

 the whitish marks beneath. Most species are very variable, as well in habit 

 as in the shape of the leaves, which renders the determination of an unknown 

 form, at least without fruit, a rather difficult task. 



The close-grained fragrant wood of the tree-like species is used for the 

 interior finish of houses and in the manufacture of small articles, as it is very 

 durable in the soil; that of J. virginiana and J. lucayana is in great demand 

 for pencil-making. The fruit and also the young brancldets of some species 

 contain an aromatic oil used in medicine. The fruit of J. drnpacea is edible. 

 A. Leaves jointed at base, needle-shaped, in 3's, not glandular: 

 winter-buds distinct, scaly: staminate flowers axillary. 

 B. Fruit large, /4-I inch across; seeds connate into a 



usually 3-celled stone: leaves ^i-^i inch broad 1. J. drupacca 



BB. Fruit smaller; seeds not connate: leaves narrower. 



c. Upper surface of leaves with 2 white bands: fruit 

 brown or orange. 

 D. White bands of leaves scarcely as broad as green 



margin 2. J. macrocarpa 



DD. White bands broader than the green margin: 



branchlets slender and pendulous 3. J. jormosana 



cc. Upper surface of leaves with 1 white band. 



D. Shape of leaves narrow-linear, sulcate above, keeled 

 below, stiff. 

 E. Habit upright; branches ascending or spreading, 



pendulous at the tips 4. J. rigida 



EE. Habit prostrate 5. J. confcrta 



DD. Shape of leaves linear to lanceolate, concave above 



with broad white band, obscurely keeled below. . 6. J. communis 



.\A. Leaves decurrent, not jointed at base, opposite or in 3's, 



scale-like or needle-shaped, usually with a gland on back: 



without distinct winter-buds: staminate flowers terminal. 



B. Form of leaves needle-shaped, always in 3's, with 2 white 



bands above, loosely appressed. (See also J. chinensis 



japonica.) 



c. Branchlets green: leaves green or glaucescent beneath: 



fruit ellipsoidal, 1-seeded 7. J. squamata 



cc. Branchlets with glaucous bands along the edges of 

 the pulvini, decurrent from a whitish spot at each 

 side of the base of the leaves: fruit suljglobose, 2- 

 3-seeded 8. J. procumbens 



