364 THE CULTIVATED EVERGREENS 



with large triangular spiny teeth, on old trees partly or mostly entire, lustrous 

 above and dark green, yellowish-green beneath: flowers in axillary clusters 

 on branchlets of the previous season, white, fragrant, short-stalked: fruit 

 globose, about }/i inch across, bright red, usually clustered, on stalks 3^-34 

 inch long. Flowers in May and June; fruit late in autumn remaining through 

 the winter. Western and southern Europe, north Africa, and western Asia 

 to China. — Cultivated since ancient times in Europe and early introduced 

 into this country. It is less hardy than the American holly but can be grown 

 in sheltered locations from New Jersey southward. It is much planted in 

 England where a large number of garden forms have originated, chiefly 

 differing in size, shape, and color of the leaves. 



I. opaca, Ait. American Holly. Plate XLIV. Tree to 40 feet tall, with 

 short spreading branches forming a narrow pyramidal head, glabrous except 

 the young finely puberulous branchlets: leaves elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, 

 2-4 inches long, with large, remote, spiny teeth, rarely nearly entire (f . subin- 

 tegra, Weatherby), dull green above, yellowish-green beneath; petiole \irY% 

 inch long : flowers on the young branchlets in the axils of the leaves or of scales 

 near the base of the branclilets; staming,te flowers in 3-9-flowered stalked 

 cymes, the pistillate usually solitary: fruit globose, about 34 inch across, 

 usually solitary, red, rarely yellow (f. xanthocarpa, Rehd.). Flowers in May 

 and June; fruit late in autumn through the winter. Massachusetts to Florida 

 west to Missouri and Texas. — Introduced to England in 1741. It is not 

 hardy north of its range and in cultivation it is usually a dense pyramidal 

 tree of slow growth not easily transplanted when older. The berried branches 

 are extensively gathered for Christmas decoration which has caused the 

 mutilation and gradual disappearance of this tree from many localities in 

 which it was formerly plentiful. 



I. pedunculosa, Miq. Slu-ub or small tree to 30 feet tall; branchlets 

 glabrous: leaves ovate or elliptic, 13^-3 inches long, acuminate, rounded or 



slender-peduncled cymes axillary on the young 

 branchlets: fruit subglobose, about 3^ inch thick, bright red, on slender 

 pedicels 3^-^ inch long, solitary or several on a slender drooping peduncle 

 ^~IJ4 inches long. Japan. — Introduced in 1892 by Prof. C. S. Sargent to 

 the Arnold Arboretum where it has proved hardy with slight protection. 

 The Chinese var. continentalis, Loes., with the leaves remotely appressed- 

 serrulate above the middle, is tenderer. 



I. crenata, Thunb. (/. Fortunei, Hort.). Much-branched shrub, rarely 

 small tree to 20 feet tall; young branchlets minutely puberulous, terete: 

 leaves crowded, short-stalked, elliptic or obovate to oblong-lanceolate, 3^- 

 134 inches long, acute, cuneate or broadly cuneate at base, crenate-serrate 

 or serrulate, lustrous dark green above, glabrous: flowers 4-merous, axillary 



