183 



CONCLUSION 



Whitewater in tliis country is in short supply. According to AWA's Nationwide 

 Whitewater Inventor/ , only 1% of our rivers enjoy Whitewater of Class II difficulty 

 or better. Within this are rivers which, due to size and volume, are only runnable 

 for days or weeks each year. In addition, many of these rivers are already 

 impacted by dams, diversions, pollution and local, state and other federal access 

 restrictions. Our remaining Whitewater resources do not need another concern 

 which destroys much of what paddlers seek on these rivers, or which pose 

 serious opportunities for boater injury. 



' Barrow, AWA Nationwide Whitewater Inventory. A Geographic Information System for 



Whitewater Ri^^ers in the United States. Second Edition, 1990. 



° Recreationists (boaters, fishermen, hikers and others) have played a significant role in 



establishing many of the major national river organizations such as American Rivers, River Network, 



Trout Unlimited, and the AWA. In addition, Whitewater boaters and others have de\'eIoped state and 



regional ri\er conser\ation groups in New York, West Virginia, Idaho, Washington, California and other 



states. 



" The Hells Canyon National Recreation Area Act of 1975, 16 U.S.C. § 460 gg-7 (d) requires the 



Secretary to promulgate rules and regulations, including "pro\ision for the control of the use and number 



of motorized and noiunotorized ri\er craft. . ." 



" "One of the premier big-water nms, the Snake Ri\er cuts through Hells Canyon, the second 



deepest canyon on the continent." Tim Palmer. The Wild and Scenic Rivers of America. Island Press, 



1993., p. 163. 



Aldo Leopold, A Sand County Almanac. 1949, Oxford Univ. Press, p. 193. 

 " USDA Forest S€r\ice Informational Briefing on Wilderness Management, February 18, 1993. 



" Ibid. 



"" Concept paper. Interagency Wild and Scenic Rivers Coordinating Council, re\ised Fdjniaiy, 



1995. The Council includes the Bureau of Land Management, National Park Service, U.S. Fish and 

 Wildlife Service, and the U.S. Forest Service. 



" Cassady, Cross, Calhoun. Western Whitewater. From the Rockies to the Pacific. North Fork 



Press, 1994, p.40. 



* Moore and McClaren, Idaho Whitewater, the complete river guide. Class VI Whitewater, 1989, 



p. 158. 



" Garren, Oregon River Tours. Garren Publishing. 1991, p. 247. 



" Penny, The Whitewater Sourcebook . 2nd Ed., Menasha Ridge Press, 1991, p. 84. 



"" AWA dev eloped the International Scale of Whitewater E>ifficulty, which has become the worid 



standard for classifving the difficulty of Whitewater rivers and rapids. Whitewater is classified from Class 

 I (novice) through Class FV (teams of experts only). 

 "" Western Whitewater, p. 39. 



" 1988, Oregon Natural Resources Council v. Ling, 9th Circuit. 1992 Hells Canyon Preservation 



Council v. Richmond and 1996 Hells Canyon Preservation Council v. Lowe (both district court decisions). 



