PHENOMOLOGY AND DIAGNOSIS. 145 



see fresh series of segments produced from a remaining scolex or 

 head of the same tape-worm. 1 It is also unknown to us how 

 often this total regeneration up to the head can be repeated by 

 one specimen of a worm. If we bear in mind this regeneration 

 of the worm from the remaining head, and consider further that 

 in 3 — 4 months after the expulsion of the previous colony, a new 

 one, which gives off its segments, has grown up, we have before 

 us an additional reason for the occurrence of a fresh emission of 

 segments at certain periods of the year. As it may also be 

 proved that after eating certain fruits, such especially as straw- 

 berries, cranberries, bilberries, grapes, and black currants, raw 

 and green fruits, especially plums, melons, cucumbers and other 

 salads, and after " sauerkraut," a giving off of larger or smaller 

 pieces of tape-worms takes place, often extending to whole colo- 

 nies up to the neck, we have a further reason why at the time 

 these fruits are eaten, and especially at the period of the ripen- 

 ing of strawberries, bilberries, grapes, and black currants, which 

 expel whole colonies, the segments of Tcenice pass off with par- 

 ticular readiness ; and also why a more abundant passage of the 

 segments seems to take place annually at certain times. Even 

 in the use of herrings, pickled herrings, herring salads, and strong 

 beer, there is a variation according to the time of the year, and 

 generally at times a total cessation in the consumption of par- 

 ticular articles of food. From this point of view exact statistics 

 may hereafter perhaps be prepared, but this must be carefully 

 framed with as wide a margin as possible. To drag in the 

 seasons of the year otherwise than as they regulate certain con- 

 ditions of nourishment is unjustifiable, and those who speak of 

 the influences of the moon's phases upon the tape-worms in any 

 way should be regarded as nothing less than moonstruck. 



If we have thus seen that the diagnosis of the presence of 

 tape-worms is only possible when we see their segments pass off, 

 we may, by the close examination of the mature segments, and 



1 Von Siebold asserts of Taenia serrata and other Taeniae, of the dog, that the single 

 individual Taenia only live a very short time in the intestine after the first period of 

 their maturity, and then perish by age. This, a priori, contradicts the observations 

 upon the Cestoidea of the human intestine, and also my own observations upon the 

 Taeniae of the dog. For I have kept dogs chained up without any fresh administration of 

 Cysticerci, and seen them give off proglottides for 5 — 6 months together, when, upon 

 dissection, the Taeniae have been found in good condition. I have not continued the 

 experiment longer. 



K 



