388 ANIMAL PAltASlTES. 



brane ; the substance of the heart, especially the inner layers of 

 the muscles are very pale and even fatty ; the heart is generally 

 large and thick, hypertrophied and dilated, especially on the left 

 side ; the endocardium and the valves often irregular and 

 thickened ; the veins empty ; the heart contains small, soft, brown 

 coagula with a little fibrine; but frequently both in the heart and 

 in the larger veins, there is only a fluid of the colour of serum, 

 with a few pale, large blood-corpuscles ; the spleen and kidneys 

 like fatty wax. The liver, and, more rarely, the spleen exhibit 

 general uniform atrophy. All these circumstances usually make 

 their appearance in Europe in persons suffering from chronic 

 haemorrhage, as, for instance, in consequence of perforating 

 ulceration of the stomach, although dysentery and bilious typhoid 

 often bring the melancholv scene to an end sooner. 



Therapeutics. — Unacquainted with the real cause of this dis- 

 ease, Griesinger had alternately administered iron, quinine, and a 

 Calcaria phospkorica, and frequently produced considerable relief 

 but never a cure, in slight cases, whilst in severe cases he effected 

 nothing. During one of his last dissections in Cairo, however 

 (17th April, 1852), a sudden light broke in upon him on this sub- 

 ject, when he found the duodenum, the jejunum, and even the 

 upper half of the ileum entirely filled with fresh, red blood, only 

 coagulated here and there, and thousands of Ancylostoma on the 

 mucous membrane of the small intestine, each with its little 

 ecchymosis resembling the bite of a leech. Although he thus 

 left Egypt, and could collect no further clinical observations, he 

 cried to the Arabian prosector, " You must now employ calomel 

 and other anthelmintics against these Ancylostoma and the Dis- 

 toma of the portal vein, in short, against the tropical chlorosis, 

 as well as against hsernaturia, stone, dysentery, abscess of the 

 liver, and all the undetermined diseases of tropical countries, 

 perhaps even some of the tropical fevers, and investigate the 

 latter illness itself, with reference to the most recent Helmintho- 

 logical discoveries." Above all things, Griesinger praises calomel 

 and oil of turpentine a priori, the latter, indeed, especially for 

 the Distoma of the portal vein, above all, for the Ancylostoma, 

 as it certainly reaches the worms situated in the uppermost 

 parts of the intestine ; in substance, worms die in it very 

 readily, and it also acts as a styptic upon the injured, bleed- 

 ing vessels. This last remedy when mixed with castor oil, or 

 with castor oil and a few grains of santonine, or the natron san- 



