TABLE OF CONTENTS 



ABSTRACT iii 



ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iv 



LIST OF TABLES vii 



LIST OF FIGURES vii 



INTRODUCTION 1 



METHODS AND MATERIALS 2 



SURVEYS AND BANDING 2 



MONTANA SURVEYS - 1995 2 



Kootenai National Forest 2 



Helena National Forest 3 



Other Northwest Montana Areas 3 



Other Southwest Montana Areas 3 



Surveys by Others 3 



SUMMARY OF MONTANA SURVEYS 1987-95 3 



BANDING IN MONTANA: 1991-95 3 



DISTRIBUTION 4 



NORTH AMERICA 4 



Breeding range 4 



Winter range 6 



OUTSIDE THE AMERICAS 6 



HISTORICAL CHANGES 6 



MOVEMENT 11 



ON THE BREEDING GROUNDS 11 



MIGRATION 12 



Nature of migration in the species 12 



Timing and routes of migration 12 



Migratory behavior 13 



DEMOGRAPHY AND POPULATIONS 14 



MEASURES OF BREEDING ACTIVITY 14 



Age at first breeding; intervals between breeding 14 



Clutch size 14 



Annual and lifetime reproductive success 15 



Proportion of total females that rear at least one brood to nest-leaving 15 



Sex ratio 17 



