30 



INSECTICIDES, FUNGICIDES, AND WEED KILLERS. 



8ulphocarbonate. Another dvawback of submersion is that the vines 

 planted in low grounds are attacked by all the cryptogamic parasites 

 which multiply in moist districts and sutfer more therefrom than 

 anywhere else. 



Moreover, the following, according to Tisserand, is the increase 

 in the use of immersion and of insecticides in the treatment of the 

 vine : — 



TABLE III. — Sliowing the Increase in Area of the Submersion and hisecticidal 

 Treatment of Vines in France. 



To sum up, submersion, if of undeniable efl&cacy, is a barbarous pro- 

 cess, with many drawbacks, which should be advantageously replaced 

 by irrigations with sulphocarbonate or with carbon disulphide. 

 Amongst the antiphylloxeric treatments we should advise, according 

 to circumstances, the following choice : Annual submersion may be 

 applied where exceptional conditions combine, accompanying it, 

 howevei", by very abundant manuring. Irrigations with sulpho- 

 carbonate and carbon disulphide are' reserved for de luxe vineyards, 

 such as those of Bordelais, Burgundy, and Champagne. Carbon 

 disulphide, applied by means of the Pal injector, to be adopted pre- 

 ferably in small and medium cultures, and especially where the want 

 of water renders submersion too costly. 



Spraying. — Spraying with cold water destroys the following 

 parasites : Gapnodium {Fumagine or smut of fruit trees). — Sorauer re- 

 commends playing a jet of cold water on the crown of the trees after 

 pruning that part. However, this operation must be repeated every 

 evening in summer. Cajmodium salicinum, Mntgn. (hop black), may 

 be prevented by spraying the leaves with cold water and repeating 

 the process several days (Niajels). Tingis Pyri, Fb. — The pear tiger- 

 beetle is fought against in the same way by spraying night and morn- 

 ing under the attacked leaves with cold water, or with a little soap 



^ A hectare is 2J acres approximately. — Tr. 



