BOITILLIE BOEDELAISE. 243 



copious and careful spraying. The first treatment can only preserve 

 the leaves touched ; the vine continues to grow, fresh applications are 

 required to preserve the organs developed between the intervals of 

 spraying. The treatment is oftener, and at shorter intervals, the more 

 intense the growth. In the South of Fi-ance, the heat of summer 

 oiteu stops all growth of the vine at the same time as the extension 

 of the disease. This stoppage coincides with the second, or frequently 

 with the third, treatment. In Central France, on the other hand, 

 where the heat is less intense, and the summers more rainy, the vine 

 grows without interruption the whole summer. There the number of 

 treatments ought to be much greater to preserve all the new leaves as 

 developed. It is necessary to protect the grapes in the same way to 

 prevent "rots ". These also must be covered early with a coating of 

 cupric hydrate. If in hot countries three sprayings be sufficient, in the 

 centre and in moist years a fourth and filth tieatment is required. A 

 sixth and seventh treatment is useful, especially when frequent rains 

 remove part of the copper deposit. In a dry year the moisture of 

 autumn renders a treatment necessary before the vintage. It is 

 especially recommendel for young plants particularly sensitive to 

 mildew ; this tieatment enables them to retain their leaves longer and 

 completely ripen their wood. In districts exposed to sea-winds, which 

 are very favourable to this disease, as many as nine treatments are 

 given. No general rule can be laid down as to the number of spray- 

 ings ; it varies with the year and the district. The first treatment 

 must be applied before the appearance of the disease, for, owing to its 

 rapidity of spreading, it is sometimes too late when seen on the leaves. 

 To be efficient it should be applied in the second fortnight of May. 

 The second is applied towards the end of June, shortly after flowering, 

 but it should never be done during flowering. Mildew being most 

 formidable in June, it is thus the second spraying which should be 

 applied with the greatest care, and most abundantly. These treat- 

 ments must, according to the weather, be followed by one or several 

 others, the last of which should be applied a fortnight before the 

 vintage. The fear, formerly expressed, that this last vitriohzing might 

 change the properties from a hygienic point of view, has been found 

 tmjustified. Millardet and Guyon, then numerous chemists and 

 hygienists, have shown that copper sa ts sprayed on grapes are conveyed 

 in very small amount into the vat, and are almost tota'ly eliminated 

 in the lees after the fermentation of the wort. Whatever may l)e the 

 strength of the bouillie bordelaise, the wine only contains traces of 

 copper, which can have no injuiious effect on the health of the con- 

 sumer. Since 1891 the tre itment of mildew by bouillie bordelaise 

 is compulsory in the cmton of Vaud in Switzerland. There is a 

 similar order in the Grisons. The prefect of Savoy has, likewise, 

 ordered three obligatory sprayings, the first on 20 June, the second on 

 20 July, and the third on 20 August. The good effect of spraying 

 is lauded in Italy by Hugues, Cuboni, Briosi, and Pichi, in Switzerland 

 by Dufour, in Austria by Schachincher, in Kussia by Chmjelewski, and 

 in America by Galloway. 



Perojiospora Schachtii (mildew of the beet). — Mr. Fuckel Just 



