VERDIGRIS COPPER ACETATE. 287 



alcohol, and in ethylic alcohol in the hot state. To prepare a copper 

 soap an ammoniacal solution of oil is added to an ammoniacal 

 solution of copper hydrate. Neutralizing the excess of ammonia 

 by acetic acid, an insoluble apple-gi-een precipitate is obtained 

 which agglomerates and resinities quickly. The same compound 

 is also formed when a soap solution is added to ordinary copper 

 preparations. Swingle was the first in 1895 to add soap to 

 <3opper bouillj/^s in sufficient quantity to cause them to froth. He 

 •observed that these bouillies adhered even on very smooth leaves. 

 Galloway, who experimented at the same time, recommended the 

 following soapy bouillie bordelaise : Blue vitriol 1 lb., quicklime | lb., 

 soap 1 lb., in 10 gallons of water. He preferred rosin soaps to fatty 

 soaps. The soap solution is added to the mixture of blue vitriol and 

 lime, and the whole stirred until the froth persists. A soapy bouillie 

 bourguignonne of the following composition is also used in America : 

 Blue vitriol 1| lb., soda crystals 1^ lb., white soap ^ lb., water 10 

 gallons. Having observed that the properties of eau celeste were 

 actually increased by a little soap, and recognized that this new 

 preparation is one of the best existing, Fairchild became the advocate 

 of soapy eau celeste. When this bouillie is applied, it forms on the 

 surface of the leaf by evaporation of the ammonia a precipitate of 

 copper with the fatty acid of the soap, which owing to its sticky nature 

 remains a long time adherent, and retains the cupric hydrate. Soapy 

 eau celeste is no longer in this form so corrosive to plants, and does 

 not attack the leaves of fruit trees, vine trees excepted. In America 

 it is prepared as follows : Dissolve 400 grammes of blue vitriol in 50 

 litres of water, add thereto 20 cubic centimetres of ammonia of 26° B., 

 and finally a solution of 1'25 kilograms of soap in 50 litres of 

 water. In Italy a more ammoniacal eau celeste is used, the com- 

 position of which is as follows : Blue viti-iol 4^ lb., ammonia 16-24 

 fluid oz., soap 3 lb., in 10 gallons of water. According to Tozetti 

 and Del Quercio, this eau celeste may be used more dilute. In 

 France, Lavergue, Guillon, and Gouirand are the champions of 

 soapy bouillies. They compared a soapy bouillie with the usual 

 bouillies, and classified them as regards adherence thus : (A) Soapy 

 bouillie made from 2 per cent blue vitriol and 3 per cent of soap. (B) 

 Bicarbonate of copper bouillie made from 2 per cent blue vitriol and 

 3 per cent of bicarbonate of soda. (C) Copp)er carbonate bouillie made 

 from 2 per cent blue vitriol and 3 per cent of sodium carbonate. (D) 

 Bouillie bordelaise made from 2 per cent blue vitriol and lime to alka- 

 line reaction. Eau celeste made from 2 per cent blue vitriol and 

 ammonia to complete solution. Verdigris containing 2 per cent 

 verdigris. (E) Gelatinous bouillie. Bouillie bordelaise with 3 per cent 

 gelatine. (F) Saccharated bouillie, above bouillie with 1 per cent 

 molasses. (G) Neutral bouillie containing 2 per cent of neutral 

 acetate of copper. 



Soapy bouillies being even more injured by keeping than bouillie 

 bourguignonne, all the above-mentioned bouillies were applied im- 

 mediately after preparation. An old soapy bouillie encrusts the 

 spraying machines. Condeminal advises a bouillie bordelaise to 



