TAR. 341 



inches in diameter. The scales of bark are removed from this spot, 

 and it is then coated with tar. A little grease is often added, or birdlime 

 made by heating linseed oil. The caterpillars which touch the tar die 

 in a few days. 



Cheimatobia brumata, L. (the winter moth). — De la Blanchere 

 finds the best way to overcome this moth is to prevent the female from 

 climbing along the trunk of the trees to lay its eggs. With this end 

 in view the trunk is scraped a little above the surface of the soil, and 

 this ring is coated with tar or with a mixture of equal parts of tar and 

 fish oil. To protect young trees sensitive to tar a band of paper or 

 cardboard is fixed around the trunk and coated with this sticky sub- 

 stance. The paper must fit well round the trunk. These rings 

 should be made from the end of September to the end of December, 

 and renewed from time to time if necessary — every three days if made 

 with pure tar ; at greater intervals if they consist of different sticky 

 substances. Unfortunately, these last preparations are less harmless 

 than tar to the health of the tree. Leroux advises to shake the tree 

 by sharp blows, which causes the females to fall. These to reascend 

 the tree encounter the obstacle of a fresh layer of tar. The females 

 hatched prematurely are thus reached. C. de Labonfon advises from 

 20 October to 20 November to surround the trunks of apple-trees and 

 pear-trees, about 3 feet from the ground, with a piece of course stuff 

 held by a hook and steeped in coal tar. The eggs deposited below the 

 ring by the females, pressed to lay, a)-e destroyed by scraping or by 

 liming. 



Gra2)holitha Woeberia^ia (tinea of stone fruit). To overcome this 

 tinea, the trunk is scraped and a slight layer of tar applied. If the 

 operation be done in season it will prevent the female from laying its 

 eggs on the trunk. 



Hyponomeuta malineUa (small ermine moth of apple-tree). — To 

 destroy these caterpillars Taschenberg advises a 5 per cent emulsion. 



Conchylis ambignella, Hubn. (cochylis of the vine). — Opinions are 

 much divided as to the action of "rubinia" on caterpillars of the cochylis. 

 Fracasso, Legi-enz-, Farini, and Silva found 4 per cent doses of " ru- 

 binia " inactive, whilst Berli'se, Martini, and Peglion find it energetic at 

 the same strength. The latter does not injure the vine. Peglion re- 

 commends to use these solutions before flowering or after the grape is 

 formed, so as to prevent the injurious action of the product during 

 flowering. Mixtures of sulphur bouillie bordelaise and " rubinia " are 

 used in Italy to combat simultaneously cryptogam ic diseases and the 

 cochylis. These preparations destroy the eggs. Martini found that 

 eggs of the cochylis laid on paper steeped in " rubinia " never hatched. 

 He advises to use the following mixture : " Eubinia " 1^ lb., blue vitriol 

 1 lb., quicklime 1 lb., in 10 gallons of water. Berlese and Leonard! 

 recommend spraying the buds as soon as they shoot out with a bouillie 

 consisting of 5 lb. of rubinia, 5 lb. of blue vitriol, 5 lb. of lime, in 10 

 gallons of water. After flowering the sprayings are continued and 

 repeated to the beginning of July with a bouillie of rubinia 1^ lb., 

 blue vitriol 1 lb., lime 1 lb., in 10 gallons of water. A diminution of 

 62-63 per cent of cochylis is obtained in that way. Battaglini recom- 



