NAPHTHALENE. 343 



commended against Mytilaspis fulva, Aspidiotus Limonis, Lecanmm 

 Hesper id urn, Lecaniimi Citrl, Dactylopius Citri. " Eubinia " is mi:.ch 

 used to combat cochineals. Berlese recommends 5 per cent, especially 

 against Dactylopius Vitis (cochineal of the vine), and Marchal against 

 kermes of the orange-tree. Girardi recommends the use of a 1 per 

 cent solution at the moment when the young larvte quit the pro- 

 tective shell of their mother and circulate round the tree in search of 

 a place on which to fix themselves. The tar and oil emulsions 

 known as " Pitteleine " are recommended by Berlese of 2 per cent 

 strength against Lecanium, and by Marchal against kermes of the 

 orange-tree. Del Quercio recommends for the treatment of winter 

 fruit trees, an emulsion of tar 1 gallon, carbonate of soda 5 lb., and 

 water 9 gallons. The carbonate of soda is dissolved in the water and 

 the tar added afterwards whilst stirring. 



A 10 per cent solution of tar kills anthonomes in five minutes. 

 It must be used for this purpose in October and November. The 

 females of Mytilaspis pomorum and Diasjyis ostreaforinis are killed 

 at the same time as their eggs. It would appear also that the branches 

 which have been repeatedly sprayed therewith are no longer sought 

 after by these cochineals. A 4 per cent emulsion destroys mosses 

 and lichens. To destroy cochineals, Mottareale indicates on the one 

 hand, an emulsion consisting of tar oil 10 lb., soap 10 lb., water 

 100 gallons, and on the other hand, alcoholic solutions consisting of 

 tar oil 5 lb., alcohol 5 lb., water 99 gallons. 



Tetranychus telarins (red spider). — Eathay recommends to bark 

 the stock in autumn and to coat it with his mixture of tar, naphthalene, 

 and lime, for in the end of October these acari take refuge under the 

 bark of the stem. The barks should be burned. Berlese recommends 

 spraying the plant in full growth with 2 per cent solutions of rubinia. 



Rabbits and Mice. — Brecher recommends as an infallible method 

 to prevent rabbits and mice from attacking the bark of poplars, to 

 coat the trunk up to 12 inches above the soil with a thin layer of wood 

 tar. Trantwein agrees. 



Birds. — To protect seed-corn against the voracity of birds it 

 suffices, according to Howard, to moisten it with a bouillie of the 

 following composition : Blue vitriol 12 lb., tar 6| lb., in 10 gallons of 

 water. The grain is moistened with this bouillie, then dusted with 

 slaked lime to dry it. The following bouillie, recommended by Tetard, 

 is used for the same purpose : Heat 6 gallons of tar, take off the fire, 

 and mix with it whilst stirring 3 gallons of petroleum and 10 gallons 

 of carbolic acid. Crows have a decided antipathy to this odour. 

 One gallon suffices for 1000 lb. of seed. 



127. Naphthalene, C^„Hj,. — Preparation. — By collecting in the 

 fractional distillation of coal tar the heavy oils which pass between 

 180° and 260' C. These are let stand for some time in a cold place : 

 crystals of naphthalene are deposited which are turbined to separate 

 the oils containing the phenols and the foreign hydrocarbides. These 

 naphthalene crystals are passed to the hydraulic press, and afterwards 

 washed with caustic soda and sulphuric acid, then with hot water. 

 The rectification is finished by distillation in cast-iron retorts; the 



