GLOSSARY. 



385 



Brassiccr (tiirnip-fly, cabbage-fly). ^Length 

 7 millimetres, colour blackish-grey, eyes red. 

 It flies in the month ot May and lays its eggs 

 in the collar of the cruciferiB. The maggot- 

 like larvae penetrate to the interior of the 

 roots and the stems, there to hollow out 

 burrows, and in October are there trans- 

 formed into pupa to pass the winter. 



Anthomyia of the Bdlb of the Osion. 

 Onion-fiij. Three species : Anthnmyia an- 

 tiqua, A.furcata, A. cepar^im .—^vaaW. flies 

 of 7-S millimetres, which lay their eggs end 

 of April and May on the leaves of the onion. 

 The small white larva descends along the 

 leaves, penetrates into the onion and there 

 hollows out burrows ; it quits the onion to 

 become a grub in the soil. The fly hatched 

 in fifteen days gives birth to a second genera- 

 tion. They are great destroj-ers of onion beds. 

 Anthonome of the Affle-Tree. Apple 

 blossom iveevil, Antlionomus pomorum. — 

 Length. 4 millimetres ; colour, blackish- 

 brown, with short, compact hairs forming a 

 down : rostrum arched. The adult insect 

 lives the whole year at the expense of the 

 apple leaves. In the spring the female 

 pierces a hole in the floral envelopes and 

 deposits an egg in each flower bud until 

 finished laying thirty eggs at least. After 

 an incubation of five to eight days the larva 

 is hatched and attaches itself forthwith to 

 the stamens and pistils of the flower, thus 

 destroying the essential organs of the latter ; 

 the bud henceforth expands no more, it 

 browns and dries up as if frostbitten. The 

 French gardeners call these browned buds 

 cloves. 



Anthoxome OF the Cherry-Tree. Ah- 

 thnnomiLS dniparum. — Brown weevil of 5 

 millimetres which lays its eggs in the flower 

 buds of cherry-trees. 



Anthonome of the Pear-Tree. An- 

 thonnmns Fi/ri. — Weevil very similar to 

 anthonome of the apple-tree, but it lays its 

 eggs in the floral buds of the pear-tree before 

 and not during winter. Its larva is what 

 gardeners call the winter-ivorm. 



Anthracnosis of the Haricot. Col- 

 fetotrichum Lindemuthianum. — Fungus 

 which attacks the leaves, stems, and pods 

 of the haricot ; it corrodes them profoundly, 

 producing gnawed spots very like those of 

 the anthracnosis of the vine. The.se spots, 

 sinking deeper and deeper, may extend into 

 the fruit a.s far as the endocarp of the pod, 

 and reach the grains. On the surface of the 

 spots there is formed a great number of 

 pustules, produced by the cuticle, uplifted 

 by a ma.ss of conidia. The mycelium of this 

 fungus does not push between the cells, 

 like the greater number of parasitic fungi, 

 but enters into the living cells, which soon 

 brown and die. The spores, produced in 

 the pustules, realily germinate in water, and 

 the germinative tube, which issues immedi- 

 ately, pierces the epidermis to penetrate into 

 the leaf, producing a spot after twenty-four 

 hours. A warm temperature in moist weather 

 favours the growth of the fungus and the 

 extension of the disease. 



Anthracnosis of the Mklon. CoUetn- 

 trichuni oligochoetum (Fr. Xiiile du Melon). 

 — The anthracnosis of the melon is observed 

 on different cucurbitaceae. When the very 

 young plants are attacked, they are rapidly 

 destroyed. Adult plants resist better and 

 longer ; but the fruits attacked, as well as 

 the leaves, are entirely disorganized before 

 reaching maturity. The disease is char- 

 acterized by badly defined, yellowish sjjots 

 which go deep down, especiallv in the fruit. 

 The fructifications of the fungus appear on 

 the dead tissues. They are small fleshy-rose 

 masses containing conidia. 



Anthracxo.sis of the Vine (grape rot). 

 (jfloeospm-ium (nupelnpliKijum, syu. Sphace- 

 louia ampelophai/a, Carbonnat. — The fila- 

 ments of this fungus only live inside the cells 

 and produce spots on all the herbaceous parts 

 of the vine, each forming small ulcers 

 gnawing the tissue as far as the soft parts of 

 the liber. The branches are contorted and 

 blackened as if they had been roasted on 

 the fire. 



Aphis (singular), Aphides (plural). Naked 

 plant lice.— In spite of their small size, the 

 aphides do as much damage as large insects. 

 They live in colonies, of which the individuals 

 ^always numerous — ^tightly packed the one 

 against the other, reproduce themselves in- 

 creasingly during fine summer weather and 

 give birth to a progeny of thousands. Far 

 from circulating from leaf to leaf, these ap- 

 terous insects remain, on the contrary, fixed 

 on the same spot ; their rostrum, planted iu 

 the most delicate part of the plant, continu- 

 ally sucks the abundant juice which flows, 

 thereto. The result of this constant ii-ritation 

 of the cells of the plant is that it dies, or i.<. 

 in a diseased state, which shows itself by char- 

 acteristic deformation of the organs. It will 

 be seen that the leaves and the branches curl 

 up, roll, swell, change colour, passing through, 

 white to yellow to red. Often exostoses and 

 cankers are formed which greatly injure the 

 physiological functions of the organs and 

 render the plant diseased. Moreover, the 

 plant lice secrete from their cornicles (small 

 horns) a sort of honey-dew which they eject 

 afar and which ends by covering the whole 

 trees with a sticky, sugary layer preventing 

 the respiration of the plant and attracting 

 insects fond of this sugar. Fungi of the 

 family of Capnodium, which live exclusively 

 on this waste, develop there and finally 

 cover the entire plant with their Ijlack 

 mycelium, thus causing a disease knowi» 

 as Fumagiue or smut of fruit trees. In the 

 spring almost at the same time as the young 

 buds the female aptera appear geuerally 

 viviparous which are reproduced by par- 

 thenogenesis, that is to say, without the aid 

 of the male. The young, always of the 

 feminine sex, resemble them, and are capable 

 of reproducing themselves in the same way 

 in a few days. Parthenogenic reproduction 

 of these individuals goes on during the 

 whole of the fine summer weather, and the 

 more rapidly the drier and warmer the 

 weather. When the weather cools in the 



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