388 INSECTICIDES, FUNGICIDES, AND WEED KILLERS. 



not attack the vine alone. On a nnniber of 

 plants on which at the outset the stems are 

 seen to become brown, faile, and wither 

 without apparent cause, tlie meiiulla i^on- 

 tiins Sr/erots which produce conidiophores 

 of Botrytis covering the damaged organs 

 with an ashy, velvety grey. In gardens the 

 lily, digitalis, balsam, the greater gentian, 

 rose liush, the pelargonium, the liegonia, the 

 (piarantitie clove, hemp, may be mentioned. 



Browning of the Vine. Phis-inddin- 

 jihom. — Damage to the leaves of the vine 

 which occurs in autumn. Brown, irregular 

 spots are seen to form on the upper surface 

 of the leaves which extend in such a way as 

 to form large sheets, sometimes completely 

 covering the ijrc.iliT pm-t n|' tlif surface of 

 the leaf. This di-Ms.- is .ittiil.nted to a 

 fungus, the /'/-/v,,,..,//,./,/,..,^ ri/is. 



Browning of the Lkavks of thr Pear- 

 Tree ANB Apple-Tree. /'/n/Z/iH-n/i/rs s-h- 

 Irc/deinffili.— The nvarii^ wliidi iimdurcs thi< 

 lirowning lives freely on the surl'iice of tile 

 leaf; it initlic-v iivu'duccs ualls nor felting. 

 Its bit.-s ,aus,- small isnlat.v' spots in the 

 beginning, but whL;li iuricasc and brown 

 afterwards. 



Brdchus. — Small, squat-shaped weevils 

 which attack the different leguminous seeds, 

 I)eas, lentils, beans, tares, haricots. Each of 

 these is attacked by a special species of 

 Bruchus, but always in the same way. The 

 perfect insect lays its eggs in the spring in 

 the pods as they are being formed. The 

 larvae penetrate into the seed ; there is gener- 

 ally onl\- one lar\a per seed except in beans 

 and haniiits, wln-vc there may be two. The 

 seed deNilops ill I, lie usual way, for the larva 

 gnaws the albumen whilst rcsjici'ting the 

 grain. The larve reaches its di\ rlopincnt in 

 the eml of winter; it is translnniicd into a 

 grub in the hollow seed, and in tin- mouth of 

 May the perfect insert jssiirs iroui it by 

 boring through it. Tlusc sirds have lost a 

 great part of their weight. If utilized for 

 seed they have the drawback of sprhiging up 

 badly and yielding weak plants. The seeds 

 attacked are easily known by their light 

 weight, for they ftoat in water, or by the 

 small opening through which the insect has 

 made its exit. 



Bunt or Stinking Smut of Wheat. 

 Tilletia Caries. — -Fungus analogous to Usti- 

 lago (smut) which only attacks wheat grain. 

 At harvest time the grains which ilo not, 

 however, show any distinct outside indica- 

 tion, are tilled with a brown jiowder which 

 exhales a foetid odour. This dust consists 

 of spores. The sjjores germinate in a moist 

 medium and the germination tilanient jiierces 

 the stem of the wheat at the moment it starts 

 to grow. See under (Jhtii.ago, p. 406. 



Calandria granaria (wheat weevil).— 

 Black coleoptera 3-4 millimetres long, the 

 head is prolonged by a lengthy rostrum. 

 The calandria passes the winter in the de- 

 pressions of the floor ; in the spring, in April, 

 it gets into the heap of wheat, pierces a small 

 hole in the groove of the gi-ain and there lays 

 a single egg. The same weevil thus pierces a 



large number of grains until it has ceased 

 laying. The larva gnaws the interior of 

 the grain ; it only leaves the exterior pellicle 

 which it uses as a cocoon to jn-otect its grub. 

 Hatching menrs in forty to fifty days. 

 Breeding goi's on all the tine sunnner weather ; 

 a single female may have a progeny of 60,000 

 insects ill a -iMsiiu. 



CaI'XiMHIM, see FOMAGINE. 



('\ri!l(()i;\ (small): CeuaMHVX CEROO. — 



and tlMlil tive.,rliiell\ r 1 |,TI' \ -I l'ee< a II. 1 apple- 



trces in llie same way as the preee,|ni-. 



Capricorn : Ckrambyx hkros (the gi-eat 

 Capricorn). — Black coleoptera .5 centimetres 

 Ion? with two long antenna? which in the 

 male are longer in the body. Corselet 

 rugose. The larvse which are very large 

 attack the oak preferably ; they take three 

 years to become perfect insects and cause the 

 death of the tiitest trees by the numerous. 

 and wide burrows which they bore in the 

 trunk. 



Cassida NEBCLOSA.— Coleoptera (chryso- 

 melide) 1 centimetre long, oval, with lateral 

 expansions of the corselet and elvtra forming 

 acar.-iiiaeeiveallinL' that of the to,-toise. Tile 

 perfeet iiiseeis hihei-nate and issue ti-oni their 

 retreats in the sprin--. 'i'lie females lay their 

 eggs on the upper surface of the leaves of 

 the beet. The larvaj, of a pale green colour 

 with two longitudinal white stripes, attain 1 

 centimetre in length. Segregated in great 

 numbers on the under side of the leaf in the 

 beginning of plant growth, they cause con- 

 siderable retardation in the growth of the 

 beets. There are as many as three genera- 

 tions a year. 



Cassida viridis, or the artichoke tortoise 

 beetle, is fouud in May and June on artichokes 

 not more than ^V of ■iii i^ich in length. The 

 antenn.p are black, the dotte<l wing cases 

 and other outer coverings green, the body 

 bhii k, lieiieith legs pale, thighs black, body 

 of lar\a \ cry Hat.' 



Cecidomy^;. — Small gnat-like flies, 2-3 

 metres long, with long slim legs. The most 

 injurious are : — 



Cecidomva destructor (Hessian fly).— 

 Blackish with red circles on the abdomen. 

 It appears in April. The larv.x attack the 

 base of the stem of wheat without penetrat- 

 ing into the interior ; by jjcrsistent sucking 

 they end in making small jiits in the stem in 



whi'e], thcv lod-.'. Atvophv of the stem of 

 the wheat result^, and ihv laltei'soon breaks. 

 There are tliree lo lour evnerat-ions ; the last 

 generations are especially dangerous because 

 the larvffi attack the plants and destroy them 

 to a great extent. 



Cemiostoma scitella (blaik s]iots of the 

 leaf of the pear). — ^ Microlepiiloptera, the 

 caterpillar of whiidi is minute, which is to say 

 that it gnaws burrows between the two epi- 

 dermes of the leaves of the pear. These 

 spots become black. 



Cercospora apii (celery leaf blight).— 

 The celery as well as other umbelliferae, 

 such as parsley and parsnip, are attacked 

 by this fungus, especially during the hot 



