GLOSSARY. 



389 



part of the year. The leaves are uoloureil 

 with fawn-yellow spots, and when the fructi- 

 fications appear they are covered with a 

 brown dust. The spores soon gerniiuate 

 and invade the neighbouring and new leaves. 

 Their germination tube penetrates into the 

 parenchyma of the leaf, there ramifies and 

 produces an alteration of the leaves which 

 deprives the celery of all its market value. 



Cercospora BETICOL.E (spots of the 

 leaves of the beet).— This fungus is a very 

 common parasite which lives on the leaves 

 of the beet, but which causes no special 

 damage ; in wet seasons it propagates very 

 rapidly, and the leaves are covered with grey 

 spots bordered with brown from which the 

 conidiophores issue in tufts, the conidia of 

 which soon germinate. 



Cercospora reseda (mignonette disease). 

 — This fungus forms pale spots on the leaves 

 of mignonette, which afterwards are covered 

 witli brown tufts of conidiophores. It causes 

 much damage in America. 



Cetoni.e. — -Coleoptera, some of which are 

 gilded, 1-2 centimetres in length, the larvaj of 

 which live in dung. The adult insect passes 

 its life on flowers of wliich it devours the 

 pistil and the stamens. They may become 

 injurious to fruit trees, especially the Cutonia 

 stictica and the velvety ectoiu, Ccfouia hlr- 

 feto, on the vine, {('rloiiln ('"/(//r/, the green 

 rose-chafer or golden vosi- hictlc, is one of the 

 largest and most beautiful l.ieetles. The 

 havoc they make in the Parisian rose gardens 

 is said by C. Mcintosh to be fearful compared 

 to what we experience in Britain (Tr.).] 



Cheimatoblv BR0JIATA (winter moth, 

 Evesham moth). — -Butterfly, only the male of 

 which possesses wings whilst the female has 

 only rudimentary wings and cannot tly. 

 The female, hatched towards the eud of 

 October or the beginning of November, 

 crawls on the tree with its large legs to 

 lay its eggs in the crannies of the bark. 

 The caterpillars hatch in the beginning of 

 .spring. They keep to the buds of fruit 

 trees and gnaw the leaves and the flowers 

 as they shoot out. 



Cherry-fly. — This fly, 4 millimetres long, 

 is brilliant black with a head and legs yellow 

 and the wings crossed by four Mark l);Mids; 

 it appears at the end of May. The female lays 

 a single egg on each cherry, preferalily on the 

 bigarremi and the geans. The larva pene- 

 trates into the interior and renders the cherry 

 wormy. In the eud of July it quits the 

 cherries and lets itself fall on the ground 

 where it is transformed into pupa, a sort of 

 .small barrel with a hardened skin. The in- 

 sect issues in the following spring. 



CrcADELL^ (grasshoppers). — The Cica- 

 dellfe are small .jumping grasshoppers which 

 are sonretimes injurious to crops. 



CiCADELLA SEXNOTATA, JaSSOS SEXNO- 



TATUS (Cicadella of oats, Cieadella of cereals). 

 — Yellow grasshopper, with Ijrown spots, 3 

 millimetres long. They suck the leaves of 

 the oats which turn 'yellow and wither. 

 This small grasshopper causes by its numbers 

 great havoc in young fields of corn, chiefly in 



oats and barley fields. These insects pro- 

 duce two generations in a year. Those of 

 the second generation pass the winter in the 

 shelter of the clods of earth. The grass- 

 hoppers only attack young plants, the leaves 

 of which they suck. In the spring they 

 choose winter wheat. As soon as the leaves 

 become too hard they quit tliciu tiMlcvastate 

 the spring seedlings. Tin- i.ilnnts attacked 

 are known at first by tlicn nd and then 

 yellow tint; they soon perish. 



Cladosporium carpophilum (plum scab). 

 — It causes damage in America. It attacks 

 the young fruits, producing spots, on which 

 the skin is replaced by a slieet of cork under- 

 neath which hollows are formed ; [attacks 

 plums, cherries, almonds.— Tr.]. 



Cladosporidm cucumerinum (cucumber 

 rot). — This fungus produces on cucumbers 

 black-greenish spots and the rapid rotting of 

 the fruit. 



Cladosporiom pulvum (tomato leaf rust). 

 ■ — The cladosporium causes great damage 

 to tomatoes, especially in greenhouses. The 

 leaves of the stocks attacked etiolate, turn 

 yellow on badly defined portions of the limb, 

 attain a lengtli of 1 or more centimetres. 

 On the parts of the leaf which are quite 

 yellow above, a greyish olive coating is found 

 underneath formed by the conidiophores of 

 the fungi. The detached conidia spread the 

 disease. 



Cladosporium oleaginum (spots of the 

 leaves of the olive-tree). — Tlie smooth myce- 

 lium glides under the superficial layer of 

 cuticle and becomes encrusted in the upper 

 cell walls of the epidermis ; it does not pene- 

 trate into the parenchyma of the leaf ; in this 

 connexion it has a certain analogy with ex- 

 oascus. At a given moment the mycelium 

 pierces the cuticle, swells above the epidermis 

 into a lump which produces spores at the 

 summit. The spores attack the new leaves 

 and there produce circular greyish or yellow- 

 ish spots encircled with black. 



Clematis Disease, Black.— Disease due 

 to parasitism of an anguillulide, " eel- worm," 

 of the genus Heterodore which causes galls 

 by its pricks on tlie roots of the clematis. 



CocoiDEs or Cochineals (plant lice, 

 baric lice, scale insects, kermes). — These hom- 

 optera much resemble the " pucerons ' ' by 

 their manner of living. After liatching, these 

 insects show great agility ; then the apterous 

 females fix themselves either on the young 

 shoots, the leaves, or the trunks, sink their 

 rostrum in the tissues and never move again. 

 The body is ovoid, globular, and resembles a 

 small excrescence of the bark. The female 

 lays its eggs under this shell and dies, form- 

 ing with its carapace a protecting shelter for 

 its progeny; The plants attacked by these 

 insects perish rapidly and are often invaded 

 by " fumagine," or smut of fruit trees (Cap- 

 nodium), the existence of which is intimately 

 linked with the presence of these insects. 

 Like the pucerons, the cochineals become 

 dangerous Ijy their number ; they entirely 

 cover the bark of the trees. The cochineals 

 pass the winter dormant on the branches. 



