390 INSECTICIDE 5, FUNGICIDES, AND WEED KILLERS. 



These are tUstiii<mislieil by tlie shape of the 

 shield, the diaspines with the genera As- 

 piiliotus and diaspis, the lecaniuiii, the coe- 

 cines. The most common are the following : — 



Cochineal of the Apple {Mussel scale) 

 (MytUasjns pomorum), (? Aspi'lintits am- 

 chiliform).— The shield ivs.-mlilrs a small 

 mussel shell. It attarks a|i|ili-tn(s. 



Cochineal of the I'r„rl, (Ln;,i,lu,„ l'>-r- 

 sicce). — Very frequeut on peaches in May and 

 June. 



Cochineal of the Pear-Tree [Aspidiotus 

 ostreaformis), "(the pear-tree oyster scale). 

 — One of the most common of cochineals, 

 distributed on the brandies of fruit trees, 

 especially apple-trees, where it forms small 

 greyish spots. 



Ciichinml of the Pear-Tree {Diaspis jjiri- 

 cola). — Analogue of the cochineal of the 

 apple-tree ; the cochineal of the pear-tree has 

 a red colour and not yellow like that of the 

 apple-tree, a colour which is discerned by 

 lifting till- shield with the blade of a knife. 



Cochiii'iil if Sun Jose (San Jose louse), 

 {Aspidiofiis jhTiiicio.sus). ■ — It much re- 

 sembles the preceding, and exercises its 

 ravages, especially in America, on both fruit 

 and forest trees. 



Cochl,n-iiK W'hiti', of the Lemon-Tree 

 and Ordinir-Ti-ii- (hurfi/hipins c('</-i).— Its 

 brown Ixidy is envclnpcd in a white waxy 

 secretion ; the trees attacked look as if covered 

 with cotton. The saccharine dejection, the 

 honeydew, covers the leaves with a waxy 

 secretion on which a Capnodium develops in 

 abundance, creating the grave <lisease of the 

 fumagine or the lilack of the olive. The 

 trees 'invaded lose their leaves, perish, nud the 



fnirtiticatioll ,-;Ullint Ue|ler,-|ll V take pla/-,.. 

 r,„7,/,„v,/, /.',■,/. „/■///,■ Vni.'(Cnrri,s Vihl^ 



or l'ulrl,niri,i ^/V/^s■).— The red eocliiueal 

 of the vine has the appearance of a reddish- 

 brown shell ; at the time of laying, it secrets 

 a whitish cottony substance which forms 

 above the body a sort of cushion very ap- 

 parent. The males (coques) are !> millimetres 

 in length and are found along the branches. 

 In the beginning of autumn the females 

 fix themselves on the branches and assume 

 the form of a shield. 



Cochineal, White, of the Vine {Dacfi/- 

 lopius Vitus). — The white cochineal of the 

 vine, contrary to the red cochineal of the 

 vine, never fixes itself and lays its eggs 

 several times. The female is 4 millimetres 

 long, the body shows distinct segmentation. 

 These cochineals appear in the month of 

 May. They lay their eggs in June on the 

 under surface of the leaf. Tlie adidts pass 

 the winter under the bark of the stems or in 

 the soil. They cause the fumagine or smut 

 of fruit trees. 



CocKCHAKKRS (wliite-worms). French, 

 Hannetons, Tnrcs, jVrt/rs-.— Lamellicorn cole- 

 optera, the larvEE of which, the wire-worms, 

 are polyphagous. The common cockchafer, 

 Mei.olontha vulgaris. French, Hanneton 

 cooimun. The female lays thirty to fifty 



eggs in the soil, at a depth of 3-7 centimetres. 

 The larvie hatch lorty days after laying, their 

 development lasts three to four years, accord- 

 ing to circuiiistaiices. In Novemlier each 

 year tiie whitc-w.iiiu- ^iuk into the .soil to a 

 depth varying Ir.nii .M) centimetres to 1 metre, 

 a"cording to tlicir size and the s-verity of the 

 winter. They there remain dormant during 

 winter ; five months afterwards they re-as- 

 cend near the surface and gnaw the roots of 

 plants. They cause great damage in vine- 

 yards, meadows, beet-fields, ami gardens. 

 Having finished their growth in the month 

 of August, the white-worms nymphoso at a. 

 depth of 1 metre (40 inches) in the soil 

 where they are surrounded by a shell. In 

 Novemlier the perfect insect is given off by 

 the nympli, but it remains in the soil to the 

 spring, that is to say, until the beginning of 

 the fourth year from the laying of the egg. 

 It takes one or two months to reach the sur- 

 face of the soil. White-worm years result 

 from this triennial cycle of the evolution of 

 the white-worm. The evolution lasts three 

 years in the south of France, four years in 

 the north of France. The larviB are poly- 

 phagous, that is, gnaw indiscriminately the 

 roots of all cultivated plants. Recently 

 planted vines are frequently invaded, they 

 cease to grow and their leaves turn yellow ; 

 the proportion of destroyed grafts may reach 

 94 per cent. 



Ccx'KCHAFER (Grain). Rhizufnu/ns sot- 

 stitio/is. Jloino-loH ,lv la. St. ./,'-(„.— The 

 larva is injurious to cereals, maize, trefoil. 



CocKcUAfKR, Greex (Pine). Meloloatha 

 fidio, L. No,no-t<oi fodoH.~T\\e luTvaoi' 

 this big butterlly is injtirious to pines. 



COLASPIDEMA ATEU (French names : Col- 

 ospr, Xr,/rd, lioboffp noire, Jiarbare).— 

 Black lustrous, 3 millimetres long. The 

 colaspidenia is a yilague of the lucerne field.s- 

 of the soiitli of France. In the month of 

 May the tcmalc lavs aliout 400 eggs on the 

 lucerne lea\'cs wln^i'c tlicy hatch in twelve 

 days. The larvai are so voracious that a 

 lucerne field may be ravaged in a few days. 

 The perfect insect passes the winter under- 

 ground, the larvffi is converted into a grub 

 in the soil ; it hatches in the spring. 



CONCHYLIS AMBICNELLA (cochylis of the 



vine, the vine tortrix). — This small tortrix 

 is about half the size of the pyralis of the 

 vine, its length is 8 millimetres. The upper 

 wings are yellowed, crossed by a wiile brown 

 baiKl. The under wings are grey. Two gen- 

 erations annually. The cateri)illars of the 

 first generation iiivadc in May the young vine 

 shoots of the vine in llnwcr, o| wliidi tlicy eat 

 all the parts; the vine slioots wliicli escape in 

 the spring are a.fter >vav.ls attack, •,! Ky the 

 cateriiillai- of the scchihI gciiia-alion whic;Ii in- 

 vade til.' dinnts ;it the tniic tlic L;rai)e rlpcus. 

 When II. cy have tinislicd tlicir work of de- 

 struction these grubs take refuge towards 

 the months of September under the barks of 

 the stocks or on the fissures of the props. 

 There they assume the chrysalis form after 

 spinning a silky cocoon. 

 Cossijs UGNiPERDA {Cossus gate bois,. 



