GLOSSAEY. 



395 



Hadena Bhassica (cabbage moth). 

 Mamestra Brassicoe. — Tlie caterpillars of 

 several noctua ravage cauliflowers and ordin- 

 ary cabbages, especially when they are 

 hearted. They form numerous holes and 

 penetrate to the core. 



Haltica Uhelere. PiDiaises des Cap- 

 sides. — This bug sucks the leaves of the 

 potato. 



Heterodera radicicola. — Nematode, 

 which lives as a parasite on the roots of very 

 different plants, but contrary to the nema- 

 tode of tlie beet produces galls on the roots. 

 These galls shelter the worm duvhig the 

 whole of its development. They sometimes 

 reach the size of a pea, and generally have 

 only a very slightly uufavouralile influence 

 on the plant as long as the worm remains. 

 As soon as the worm quits it the galls rot 

 and cause the roots to rot. On annual plants 

 the presence of these nodes is not to be 

 feared, as the rotting of the gall coincides 

 with the harvesting of the plant, but on 

 hardj' plants and trees their ert'ect makes 

 itself felt by lowering the crop from these 

 plants. It is thus that this eel-worm pro- 

 duces swellings and atrophes on vines, 

 resembling those produced by the phyl- 

 loxera. This parasite prefers moist soil. lu 

 Italy and Portugal the destruction of several 

 vineyards by the accumulation of this nema- 

 tode is reported. 



Heterodera Schachtii (nematode of the 

 beet). — This microscopic worm is met with 

 on the roots of different plants, such as the 

 cabbage, spinage, colza, but it commits its 

 depredations especially on the beet. The 

 larvtB of tlie nematodes prick the radicles of 

 the beets with the dart with which they are 

 furnisheil, and fix themselves by the head in 

 the cellular tissue. These insects increase 

 very rapidly, for each female can lay 400 eggs 

 and proiluce three generations a year ; their 

 vitality is thus very great. Aime Girard 

 .showed that they may resist an interval of 

 three years fallow. It i-^ ;ilsi)i-i' ■oi^uized that 

 they may traverse tli' di,' •^tl\l' tube of 

 animals fed on beets witliout tli.-ir vitality 

 suffering. They may thus !„■ pr-ipaccated by 

 farnivard duui;, and it is tlM-i-.-tm-i- iudlspens- 

 afiletodisinte-titl)yr;irli m .iisulphide. The 

 disease is rcjoguized" by its exterijr cliaracter. 

 In summer the old leaves of the beet turn 

 yellow anil die. The centre leaves only grow 

 slowly. Tlie root thus remains small, and, 

 according to HoUrung's analyses, it contains 

 little sugar. The presence of the nematodes 

 may thus appreciably diminish the value of 

 the crop. 



Hydnum Schiedermayri.— This fungus 

 is an apple-tree parasite which rots the wood. 

 It bores the trupk, forming great holes of rot, 

 whence issue in autumn irregularly shaped, 

 yellow, fleshy receptacles, which may reach 

 5 centimetres (2 inches) in dUimeter and 10 

 centimetres (4 inches) thick. Tliey smell of 

 anise. 



Hylesines.— These are S^olytides, which 

 are distinguished from tlie bostrichus by 

 their elongated legs and their corselet narrow 



in front. The larvie and the perfect insects 

 dig burrows in the trunks of trees. 



Hylesinus piniperda (the pine-destroy- 

 ing beetle). Jardinier de la /''oz-rf.— Black 

 insect, 4 millimetres, which appears in July 

 and pierces the bark at the base of plants of 

 a few years' growth ; it there penetrates as. 

 far as the medulla and ascends the young 

 tree, emptying it as far as the terminal bud^ 

 through which it issues. At the approach 

 of winter it takes refuge in the moss. The 

 female lays its eggs in the spring in a single 

 sinuous burrow made in the liber ; the larvse 

 afterwards e.xcavate lateral burrows there. 

 There are sometimes two generations yearly. 

 It attacks the Plnus sylvestris (the Scots, 

 pine), Plnus maritinms (the maritime pine)> 

 and Puius laricio (the aleppo pine). 



Hylobius ABIETIs (the spruce pine wee- 

 vil). ^Brown, red-haired insect, 1 centimetre 

 long. It appears in pine and spruce forests 

 in May. The females lay their eggs at the 

 foot of old trunks. The larvae pierce burrows 

 in the bark. The adults are more injurious 

 than the larvae because they gnaw the termi- 

 nal buds of the pine. 



Hylotoma ros.b.— Rose saw-fly of 8 

 millimetres ; black with red abdomen. The 

 green larvae gnaw the leaves of the ro.se- 

 trees, only leaving the veins. 



Hypomyces pbrniciosus. Mycogone per- 

 niciosa (mole disease of the mushroom). — 

 Mushrooms attacked by the mole grow in an 

 irregular manner, swell, puff up, and become 

 defornied to such a pitch as to be nothing 

 but an irregular-shaped mass. This mass is. 

 covered in places by white spots and easily 

 rots. 



Hyponomeute of the Apple-Tree (tinea 

 of the apple-tree) ; Hyponomkuta Malin- 

 ELLA (small ermine moth). — Small butterfly, 

 the upper wings of which are white and 

 covered with black spots. The butterfly 

 lays its eggs in August on the branche.s 

 of the apple-tree. The larvae hatch in 

 September and pass the winter in a tissue 

 of coarse silk, from which they only issue 

 in May. They then go on to tlie buds 

 and the young shoots, envelop them with a 

 .silky fabric which acts as a shelter, and thus 

 live together to the detriment of tlie paren- 

 chyma of the leaves. As soon as the leaves- 

 of one branch are destroyed the caterpillars 

 pass to another. A few nests of these cater- 

 pillars are capable of devastating a whole 

 tree, which in summer would appear rusted, 

 as by a late frost. The caterpillars assume 

 the chrysalis form at the end of June in 

 small white elongated cojoons, collected in 

 mass in a protective fabric. 



Lachnosterna arcoata (red cockchafer), 

 the larva of which gnaws the roots of vines 

 and strawberry plants in America. 



Leptinotarsa decemlineata (the Colo- 

 rado beetle). — Deep yellow coleoptera, closely 

 allied to the chrysonielides ; 1 centimetre in 

 length witli five black longitudinal lines on 

 each elytrum. This insect does great damage 

 to potato tields in America. It gnaws the 

 leaves as larva as well as in the perfect state. 



