78 



AX AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (X.Y.) 



Delaware, Lackawanna and Western 

 Ms. | Railroad. 



Delaware, Lackawanna and Western 

 Railroad Continued. 



The Falls of Black River in Watertown arc 35 feet perpendicular over the limestones at the Suspen- 

 sion Bridge, and 112 feet within the city limits in six separate falls. 



68. There are two miles of rapids in Salmon River, which terminate in a fall of 107 feet. At 

 high water the sheet of water is 250 feet wide, and at low water about half that extent. The fall is 

 over the grey sandstone of the 5 a. Medina, and is seven miles northeast from Richland. 



69. Adarns. The Gulf of Loraine, on South Sandy Creek, is a genuine canon upon a small 

 stream flowing through the Loraine or Hudson River slates, Utica elate and Trenton limestone in 

 the town of Loraine, from which some geologists prefer that name for the formation. The walls are 

 perpendicular and vary in height from 100 to 300 feet, and the gulf varies in width up to 16 rods. 

 There are several of these gulfs in Jefferson County, some of them 12 miles in length, reaching to 

 the starting points of the streams. A convenient place to stop to study the Loraine shales, a huge 

 mass of mud rock, is the pleasant village of Adams. There are two of these gulfs within two 

 miles southeast in the town of Loraine, but not on the stream in the village, which is on Trenton 

 limestone. On the way observe a remarkable moraine of naked Laurentian boulders, some of them 

 very large. This ridge crosses the railroad just south of Adams, where are many boulders in the 

 fields, and is said to extend from Lake Ontario south of Woodford northeast into Canada. The 

 ridge road, which runs all along Lake Ontario, also occurs here a little nearer the lake than the 

 ridge of boulders. 



70. The shales and sandstones at Pulaski are the upper part of the 4 c. Hudson River, which 

 were at first called Pulaski Shales, or the Shales of Salmon River, and Loraine Shales. It is the 

 only rock at Pulaski village, and is full of fossils, while the lower or Frankfort division has very few. 



71. Oswego. Lake Ontario, like all other New York lakes, is a lake of excavation. Along its 

 northeast shore, in Canada, is the 4 a. Trenton limestone. On its south or New York shore we find 

 the 5 a. Medina sandstone extending from Oswego, the whole length of the lake, to Hamilton in 

 Canada. The lake is excavated 50 feet in the red and 100 feet in the gray 5 a. Medina formation, 

 230 feet in the Hudson River and 120 feet in the 4 b. Utica slate, the whole making a thickness of 



