PENNSYLVANIA. 



95 



14. Vertical Oriskany and 



15. Plenty of middle Devonian fossils to the south of the town, across the flat, which was once 

 a deep lake, now probably filled with glacial moraine matter. One mile further on, high and 

 picturesque pulpit rocks of Oriekany crown the bluffs on both sides of the river. Best view to be 

 got by crossing the turnpike bridge at Huntingdon and riding a mile towards Petersburg. Fine 

 pulpit rocks stud the crest of Warrior's Ridge to the north and far to the north-east. 



16. To the south are the Springfield Furnace mines. Up Spruce Creek a dozen miles are the 

 largest Limonite mines of the interior of the State. 



17. Here Potsdam comes up in the centre of the overturned anticlinal. 



18. Blair's mine, between Bell's Mills and Altoona. An open quarry in limonite on Oriskany and 

 Helderberg outcrops; very curious. Unique exposure of celestinein the bank of the creek below 

 Bell's Mills. 



19. Horseshoe Bend, on 1* gradient, cuts off the point of a spur of Catskill and Pocono, and 

 makes high cliffs. 



20. Coal mines and coke ovens for miles. 



21. The anticlinal at the Viaduct brings the Manch Chunk Eed Shale 20 feet above grade, and 

 produces the 3 mile loop in the river. A very curious place. Notice the false bedded boulders of 

 Pocono sand stone lying in the bed of the valley below, under the viaduct. 



22. A vast bed of fire-brick clay half a mile back. 



23. Notice the arch of Pocono and Catskill opposite. On the opposite mountain top lies a 

 small patch of the lowest coal bed of the Alleghany River series. 



24. Here the Pittsburg Coal Bed is first met the lowest bed of the upper productive (Monongahela 

 River) Coal series. Down the Loyalhanna, left bank, 6 miles, the hill slope is covered with cubic 

 blocks of sand rock 20 feet high and 100 feet on a side, moved from their original sites. 



25. The Pittsburg Coal Bed is seen mined at the hill tops south of the city, 350 feet above the 

 Monongahela River level. At the south end of the hill behind the city, stands an- oil well derrick 

 70 feet high, 100 feet above the streets. It has been bored to a depth of 2,300 feet, through the 

 Butler Oif Rocks, but yields nothing but a stream of strong brine. 



26. Fine cliffs opposite, west side of the river. Superb landscape from hill i mile back of 

 station. 



27. In the centre of a rolling plain of Clinton anticlinals and synclinals crossing the river from 

 east to west, bounded on the west by anticlinal Oneida and Medina Mountains called the "Buffalo," 

 'Seven Mountains," Jacks," &c., aroun'd the bases of which run the outcrops of the fossil ore. 



28. Plenty of fossils; fine cliffs of Chemung and Portage facing the river on the east side. 

 Last appearance of Silurian Mountains of Middle Pennsylvania in the progress towards the north 

 east the end of the Bald Eagle Mountain (5 a. Medina) close along the railroad. Facing, to the 

 north, appears the wall of the Alleghany Mountains with patches of the lowest coal on the broken 

 forest plateau above. 



29. Five miles south, through a gap, lies the little secluded Musquito Valley of Siluro-Cambrian 

 limestone, with black marble quarries of Utica or Trenton. 



30. Gap into secluded Nippenose or Oval Valley (anticlinal S.-C. limestone; fossils), 4 miles 

 south and across the river, has in U a remarkable conical glacial (?) hill. 



31. Five miles south enter Nippenose Valley; limestone; liraonite mines: Trenton fossils, &c. 



