96 



AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (PA.) 



32. Here the road enters the gate of the long gorge of the West Branch, and continues in it 51 

 miles to Driftwood ; the floor of the gorge being sometimes Chemung and sometimes Catskill. 

 Steep walls of Catskill and Pocono rocks, a thousand feet high, hem in the river, with its innumer- 

 able horseshoe bends. Side gorges of the same nature open on both sides. On the hogback 

 mountain tops between, covered with broken rocks and forest, lie patches of coal measures. The 

 strata gently rise and fall in successive undulations, crossing the river at right angles. Old iron 

 furnace of cut stone, at Farrandsville. 



33. Good hotel; machine shops of the company; coal mined on the top of the mountain, back 

 of the town. 



34. Low grade road to the great Jefferson county coal field, up Bennett's Branch. 



35. Coal mines on top of the mountain. 



36. Valley of erosion in Chemung rocks straight north into New York State. From here.'the 

 road (and river) rises fast, and reaches the general level of the upland at St. Mary's. 



37. The lowest coal beds are mined all about here, and south of Daguscahonda. The road 

 descends rapidly into the winding gorge or trench of the Clarion River to Ridgeway. 



38. Down the Clarion are coal mines and salt and oil borings, (no oil.) 



39. Deep oil wells, (no oil.) The Bishop Summit coal mines, 10 miles to the north-east; John- 

 son's Run coal basin to the east. 



40. Summit of the country. Lowest coal bed. Road north-east, through forest, 15 miles, to 

 Alton coal mines; thence railroad down Tuniangwant to the Bradford oil wells. 



41. Here the Garland conglomerate may be well studied in connection with the disputed sub- 

 conglomerate coal beds. 



42. Capital centre point for the geological student. Fossils in the hills around. (Private 

 cabinet of Dr. Randall.) Fine cliffs of Garland conglomerate crown the hill tops. Butler- Venango 

 oil sands crop out in the foot-hills. Oil wells sunk in the valley bottom reach Warren oil sand 

 group at 500 to 600 feet. Railroads down the river; and across to Titusville. Good hill-roads to 

 Pleasantville and Oil City, along the great original oil belt; many derricks standing and new ones 

 rigging. 



43. The quarries are on the peak of the hill, one mile north-west. 



44. Oil refineries; very highland. 



45. Descends rapidly through a ravine, in Chemung and Portage rocks, to the lake shore. 



46. Five miles back towards Lancaster; famous limonite iron mines. Road runs up the east 

 bank of the river, six miles, under cliffs, to Chicques. Chicques rock, 300 feet high, Potsdam ? 

 Geology still obscure and very interesting. 



47. One mile after passing this, enter Trias (dipping N. W.) and continue on it to Highspire. 



48. Serpentine belt crossed here, and before reaching here. 



