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159. Mines in the Pittsburg coal bed line the river on both sides in a continuous series; the bed 

 descending slowly from 360 feet above water level at Pittsburg to within 30 or 40 feet in the neigh- 

 borhood of Monongahela City. The bed rises again and goes into the air ascending the 

 Youghiogheny River; the banks becoming hillslopes of the barren measures. 



160. Pittsburg bed 12 feet thick in this narrow basin. 



161. Fine gorge of the Youghiogheny through Chestnut Ridge, walls 1,300 feet high. Pulpit 

 rocks of Piedmont sandstone (top member of Pottsville conglomerate) left standing like stranded 

 ships on the broad summit of the mountain. Dry oil wells and old salt wells in the floor of the 

 gorge on the river bank. Cow rock on the southern brow of the gorge covered with the sculptures 

 of the aborigines. 



162. Fine Cascade. The whole river falls over a horizontal plate of coal measure sandstone. 

 Wild scenery all around. Coal bed 4 feet thick under the falls. 



163. The Turkey Foot. Junction of the three great branches of the Youghiogheny. Very 

 remarkable oval hill of coal measures terraced by coal bed outcrops all around, as if artificially, 

 several hundred feet high. Flat top, a field from which Indian skeletons have been ploughed up 

 ever since the first settlement of the the country, called Fort Hill 



164. Fine mountain nose full of coal beds and terraced by sandstone of the barren measures. 



165. The fine isolated Pittsburg coal bed basin of the Salisbury Ridge, to the south, capped 

 with f ossilif erous limestones of the upper coal measures. Romantic falls on Elk Lick Creek not 

 far up from its mouth. 



166. Summit of the Alleghany Mountain. 



167. Turn in here to the Broad Top Coal Mines up Slump's Run. Hotel at Broad Top City, 

 as high as the top of the Alleghany Mountain. Fine scenery. Curious geology. 



168. Juniata flows in the red shale under cliffs of conglomerate on one side and a Pocono 

 sandstone (terrace) mountain on the other. Iron works. Fine section up Yellow Creek into 

 Morrison's Cove. Great crop of Hamilton limonite. 



169. Long outcrop of Clinton fossil ore. Beautiful turnpike carriage drive, south, along the 

 river, and over Wray's Hill, with wonderful sections of contorted Catskill all the way, 



170. Trap dyke, 3 miles before reaching Carlisle; visible a long way off as a low mound across 

 the great valley covered with trees, while all around is cultivation. West of Carlisle notice 

 "Wagner's Gap " and " Doubling Gap " in the North or Blue Mountain. They are really not gaps 

 but folds, caused by anticlinals passing through the mountain and elevating the vertical 5 a. Medina 

 strata. The mode in which this was done may be understood by holding up the edge of a sheet of 

 paper in a perpendicular manner and then elevating it in one spot from beneath, which will cause 

 the upper edge to fold in an S shape, similar to these so-called gaps. 



171. Five miles due east is a great spring rising at the south end of the limestone, and foot of 

 the mountain; the head of Yellow Breeches Creek. 



172. Back set of the mountains to the east and cross fault along the turnpike to Gettysburg. 

 A mile or so south of the turnpike immense old limonite ore banks (Pond Bank, &c.) in which 

 kaolin and lignite deposits occur like those of Brandon in Vermont. Five miles further south in 

 the foot of the mountain are the Mont Alto ore banks. Back of Moat Alto in the mountains 

 are magnetic ore beds, porphry rocks, copper ores. 



