'272 PLATEAU OF C AX AM A RCA. 



fortress of Canar ( 4 ), belonging probably to the same period, 

 that of Tupac Yupanqui, or to that of his warlike son, 

 Huayna Capac. 



We saw still finer remains of the old Peruvian artificial 

 roads on the way between Loxa and the Amazons, at the 

 Baths of the Incas on the Paramo de Chulucanas, not far 

 from Guancabamba, and in the neighbourhood of Ingatambo, 

 at Pomahuaca. These last named remains are at a so much 

 lower elevation, that I found the difference of level between 

 the Inca's Road at Pomahuaca and that on the Paramo del 

 Assuay upwards of 9100 (about 9700 English) feet. The 

 distance in a straight line is by astronomically determined 

 latitudes exactly 184 English geographical miles, and the 

 ascent of the road is 3500 (3730 English) feet greater than 

 the height of the Pass of Mount Cenis above the Lake of 

 Corno. There are two great artificial Peruvian paved roads 

 or systems of roads, covered with flat stones, or sometimes 

 even with cemented gravel ( 5 ) (Macadamised); one passes 

 through the wide and arid plain between the Pacific Ocean 

 and the chain of the Andes, and the other over the ridges 

 of the Cordilleras. Mile-stones, or stones marking the 

 distances, are often found placed at equal intervals. The 

 road was conducted across rivers and deep ravines by three 

 kinds of bridges, stone, wood, and rope bridges (Puentes 

 de Hamaca or de Maroma), and there were also aqueducts, 

 or arrangements for bringing water to the Tambos, (hostel- 

 ries or caravanserais) and to the fortresses. Both systems 

 of roads were directed to the central point, Cuzco, the seat 

 of government of the great empire, in 13 31' South lati- 



