CHAPTER 11. POPULATION DYNAMICS 292 



Variation in Reproductive Rate 292 



Variation in Mortality Rate 294 



Fawn Mortality 294 



Mortality of Adult Females 301 



Mortality of Adult Males 307 



Emigration and Immigration 308 



Interaction of Reproduction and Mortality 311 



Summary 316 



CHAPTER 12. POPULATION REGULATION 319 



CHAPTER 13. MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS 331 



Management Philosophy and Theory 331 



Management Concepts 332 



General Approach to Management 338 



Population Evaluation and Management 338 



Harvest Management 338 



Predicting Fawn Survival 344 



Predator Management 345 



Population Evaluation 348 



Population Estimates 348 



Age Structure and Sex and Age Ratios 349 



Interpreting Population Trend 351 



Habitat Evaluation and Management 353 



Essentials of Mule Deer Habitat 354 



Habitat Maintenance, Enhancement, and Development-358 



APPENDICES 361 



Appendix A. Arithmetically modeled population 



estimates for mule deer on the Missouri 



River Breaks study area, 1960-1987 361 



Appendix B. 



Table Bl. Method of calculating estimated forb 



production on the study area using 1982 



as an example 365 



Table B2 . Method of calculating estimated shrub 



production on the study area using 1982 



as an example 366 



Appendix C. Common and scientific names of plants for 

 which abbreviations are occasionally 

 used in tables 367 



Appendix D. Excerpts from quarterly narratives of 

 CMRNWR personnel and DFWP reports, 

 1940-1959 368 



LITERATURE CITED 378 



VII 



