radio-transmitter collars and numbered metal eartags ; 24 were 

 marked only with eartags or eartags and a vinyl earflag. 



Most deer over 6 months of age were captured using a 

 drive net (Beasom et al . 1980); a few were captured with 

 cannon nets (Hawkins et al . 1968) and a hand-held net gun 

 (Barrett et al . 1982). We marked 89 with radio-collars, 124 

 with 10 cm-wide, individually recognizable neckbands, and 1 

 with eartags only. Seven fawns, radio collared as newborns, 

 were later recaptured; 2 were refitted with radio collars and 

 5 with individually recognizable neckbands. Two adults, 

 originally marked with neckbands, were equipped with radio 

 collars upon recapture. Four adult females had their radio 

 collars replaced once, 2 others had theirs replaced twice. 

 The effective life of radio collars varied, but most fawn 

 transmitters functioned for 1-2 years while those on adults 

 lasted 2-5 years. 



During most of the study, we attempted to relocate all 

 radio-collared deer at least twice monthly using a PA-18 Piper 

 Super Cub with antenna mounted on the wing strut. Many were 

 relocated more frequently. Some relocations, especially of 

 newborn fawns which we attempted to locate at 2-3-day 

 intervals, were made from the ground. Most relocations were 

 made during the period one-half hour before sunrise to 2 hours 

 after sunrise. A minor number of relocations were made during 

 mid-day and evening hours, but no relocations were made during 

 periods of darkness. Visual observations of the deer were 

 made on approximately 83% of aerial radio-telemetry 

 relocations. Relocations of radio-collared as well as neck- 

 banded deer were also recorded from observations during the 

 course of other fieldwork, including aerial population surveys 

 and flights associated with efforts to locate and capture 

 fawns in June or other deer during winter. Occasionally, 

 special aerial searches were conducted to attempt to locate 

 neckbanded deer that had not been observed for some time. 



All relocations were recorded to the nearest 3 . 2 ha from 

 gridded aerial photographs. Social groupings and 

 associations, numbers of f awns-at-heel with marked females, 

 and other pertinent data, including habitat use during some 

 years, were recorded when possible. Locations and other data 

 were also recorded for all unmarked deer as well as for other 

 major species observed during relocation flights. 

 Radio-collared coyotes (Pyrah 1984, Hamlin et al . 1984) and 

 radio-collared and neck-banded elk on the area were monitored; 

 data were recorded in the same manner as for deer. 



We obtained 9,841 observations of 354 marked deer during 

 1 June 1976 - 31 May 1986. In addition to population 

 estimates, relocations of marked deer provided data for 

 estimating seasonal and annual reproduction, recruitment, and 



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