This mother-daughter pair remained associated with each 

 other for a minimum of 3-1/2 years after the daughter's birth. 

 Once they regrouped after the fawn rearing period each year, 

 they were in the same group a total of 37 (90%) of 41 times. 



(3) We radio-collared the newborn fawns of neckbanded 

 female 2378 in 2 successive years. Female 2378 was an 

 estimated 5 years old when newborn 3079 was captured. After 

 2378 isolated herself to give birth to 2180, her previous 

 daughter 3079 was not observed with them until 2 September. 

 From that date through April, however, all 3 deer were in the 

 same group during 15 of 16 observations. 



Daughter 3079 left the matrilineal group by 4 May at 23 

 months of age, while 2378 and her 11 month old daughter 2180 

 remained together until 3 June. On 5 June, the yearling was 

 alone, but was with her 2-year-old sister on 10, 12, and 24 

 June. From that time, until 2180 lost her collar on 15 

 August, none of the 3 females were observed together. The 

 radio collar on 3079 also ceased to function about that time. 



Female 2378 was next observed on 21 September 1981, with 

 2 other females and 2 fawns. One of the adult females was 

 wearing a fawn-type radio-collar and was presumed to be 3079. 

 These 2 deer were observed together all 5 times that 2378 was 

 reobserved during the rest of that biological year. On 30 

 December 1982, the same 2 deer were observed together and the 

 adult with the fawn-type radio-collar was recaptured, verified 

 as 3079, and marked with an individually recognizable 

 neckband. Reobservations were few from that time through 

 spring 1987, but 2378 and 3079 were in the same group during 

 16 of 17 times they were seen from autumn through spring. 

 They were not together during any of 3 summer reobservations, 

 but were observed together by September in both 1983 and 1984. 

 This mother-daughter combination continued to associate with 

 each other through 8 years of age for the daughter. 



(4) Data on associations of female 2479 and her daughter 

 3679 were collected through 5 years of age for 3679. Mother 

 and yearling daughter were no longer together by 8 June. The 

 mother was always observed alone through 18 June and was not 

 observed with new fawns. On 25 June and 3 July she was 

 observed with a yearling male, indicating that she probably 

 did not have fawns. Mother and daughter were first reobserved 

 together on 8 August, but occurred in the same group during 

 only 6 (30%) of 20 observations through the remainder of that 

 biological year. 



Both mother and daughter reared fawns during the 

 following year, however reobservations were few because 

 neither retained a functioning radio-collar. They were first 

 reobserved together, with their fawns, on 28 August and were 



201 



