relocations were 17.5 (range, 10-38) for adult females and 

 13.7 (range, 11-19) for adult males. Winter home ranges 

 included relocations from 1 December through 30 April. One 

 hundred-eleven winter home ranges were calculated for 70 

 females and 4 for 3 adult males. Mean number of relocations 

 during winter was 10.6 (range, 8-20) for adult females and 

 10.5 (range, 8-13) for adult males. Summer home ranges for 

 fawns included all relocations from 13 June through 22 

 September. Only those fawns that survived through at least 

 late August were included in home range analysis. Mean number 

 of relocations for 83 fawns was 18.9 (range, 8-31). 



Two types of movement patterns were determined for adult 

 females. Yearlong residents could be found in any portion of 

 their home range at any time of the year, though certain 

 portions received more use during some seasons than others. 

 Deer having distinct seasonal ranges that fit Baker's (1978) 

 characterization of migratory movements moved regularly on a 

 seasonal basis between areas separated by a minimum of 3 km. 

 Migratory deer moved a maximum of 8.8 km between seasonal 

 ranges. They were almost always deer that used the southern 

 edge of the study area (near the prairie) during summer and 

 moved during autumn and winter to areas near the river with 

 much steeper topography and with both north- and south-facing 

 slopes. Migratory adult females had significantly larger PHR 

 and AAR (Mann-Whitney tests, all P<0.01) than yearlong 

 resident adult females for life, annual, summer and winter 

 periods (Table 8.1). 



A striking characteristic of home range measurements for 

 all classes of deer and all periods, was the extreme 

 individual variability in home range size and movements. The 

 range of values in Table 8 . 1 indicated that not only do values 

 overlap considerably between categories and seasons, but a 

 wide range of values existed within each category in each 

 season. Wide seasonal and annual variation of home range size 

 was true even for individuals. Because of this extreme 

 variation, only large differences in values were statistically 

 significant. The annual PHR for migratory female 1577 varied 

 from 4.55 to 16.64 km 2 over a 5 year period, and the annual 

 PHR for resident female 1480 ranged from 2.14 to 5.17 km 2 over 

 a 3 year period. The summer PHR of migratory female 1577 

 ranged from 3.69 to 9.77 km 2 over 5 years, and the summer PHR 

 of resident female 1580 varied from 1.68 to 4.48 km 2 over a 3 

 year period. The variation in annual and seasonal home range 

 size for individuals was not the result of differences in the 

 number of relocations during the period. Similar numbers of 

 relocations were made annually for most deer and PHR size did 

 not increase with increased number of relocations for those 

 deer at the extremes. For example, the smallest annual PHR 

 for female 1577 (4.55 km 2 ) was during the year we made the 

 most relocations (50) of her. During the year we made the 



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