AITLE SOILS 7 



larger amount of gravel or loose broken stone in an 

 apple orchard than in a potato field. Indeed, there 

 seems to be no limit in the amount of loose stone 

 which may be present in an apple soil, except the . 

 limit of cultivation. Even this limit is not so soon 

 reached as might be expected, for proper tools will 

 give satisfactory cultivation in apple orchards contain- 

 ing remarkable quantities of broken stone on the 

 surface. 



EXPOSURES 



A great deal of time has been spent in the discus- 

 sion of the proper exposure for orchards. The popu- 

 lar theory is that southern exposures are dangerous 

 because they induce early blossoming of tlie trees, thus 

 giving opportunity for the blossoms to be killed by late 

 frosts. In those localities where serious late frosts 

 frequently occur this objection obviously has some 

 force, but a careful study of the situation reveals the 

 fact that such localities are decidedly rare. High- 

 lands with good air drainage are generally pre- 

 ferred ; but this for other reasons than because of late 

 spring frosts. 



