Other legal status The Atlantic population of the Harlequin Duck is listed as Endangered by 

 the Canadian Wildlife Service. 



Mitigation procedures. None found. 



ONGOING RESEARCH THAT RELATES TO ANY OF THE 

 TOPICS LISTED ABOVE 



I. Goudie and C. Smith will begin a banding study in 1996 on the Elbow, Sheep and Highwood 

 Rivers, Alberta, in response to a commercial rafting permit application on the Elbow. 



Smith (1995) has begun a multi-year study in 1995 to assess the impacts of upgrading a single- 

 lane Highway to a split double-lane highway beginning in 1996. Banding began in 1995 when 41 

 adult and 3 ducklings were marked. This site is a very large river compared to Montana 

 Harlequin streams, with perhaps 4 times as many ducks as the largest Montana population 

 (McDonald Creek). Potential impacts on the site include: changes in th natural flow regime, 

 changing in macroinvertebrate food base; increased recreational use, and interruption of stream 

 connectivity by installation of culverts rather than bridges (Smith 1996). 



E. F. Cassirer is continuing to survey and monitor Harlequins in Idaho. Currently no marking is 

 taking place. This will add more information about numbers, trends, and productivity. 



S. Patton is completing data workup on effects of oil spills in coastal areas on Harlequm Ducks. 



I. Goudie and collaborators are continuing to study survival and fidelity to wintering populations 

 in Bristish Columbia. Winter survival and site fidelity are also being studied in Washington (G. 

 Schirato). This data will nicely dovetail with our breeding data to get a complete picture of 

 survival and site fidelity for population modeling. 



W. Hunt and P. Clarkson continue to study the effects of rafting on Harlequins in Jasper National 

 Park. They are also banding birds for site fidelity and movement, but have not banded for as 

 many years as we have in Montana nor have they banded many juvinales. 



ME. Brown is begining a master's thesis project which will be a rather fine-grained study of 

 parental kinship and investment, and instances of extrapair fertilizations. Specifically she would 

 like to (1) assess patterns of relatedness of females breeding near one another, which harks to 

 philopatry and the population, genetic, and behavioral consequences thereof; (2) observation on 

 parental behaviors, to address observations of varying brood-abandonment timing and examine 

 parental cost-benefits, etc., and (3) assay broods for extra-parental contribution (either from 

 female egg-dumping or male extra-pair paternity). 



D. Esler is working on genetic analysis of North American Pacific coast Harlequin to determine 

 extent of genetic mixing in different winter (primarily) and some summering areas. He hope to 

 determine whether separate Harlequin Duck metapopulations exist within the western North 



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