limestone cliff, 6 m above the river (Diamond and Finnegan 1993) and another in a logjam at the 

 top of a waterfall (Thompson 1985). Cassirer et al. (1993) reported three cavity nests located 0, 

 0.3, and 14 m from the water (one was 25 m from the main channel). Jewett et al. (1953) reports 

 a nest on sand and gravel on the Nisqually River, Washington on 26 May 1920; the nest was not 

 concealed. A nest in Oregon was reported in debris on an overturned stump of alder in mid- 

 stream (Gabrielson and Jewett 1940). Three additional nests from Oregon were on the ground 

 and well-camouflaged by low vegetation (Latta 1993, Thompson et al. 1993). In British 

 Columbia, only 4 nests have been found and were located on: 1) the ground under bushes at the 

 foot of a small Douglas fir less than 1 m from the creek bank, 2) the ground under a root 

 overhang, in a depression in a newly formed creek bank; 3) a cliff ledge directly over the river; 

 and 4) a 2 m tall rock just off an island (summarized in Campbell et al. 1990). 



In Alaska, 10 nests were located on steep, southwest-facing, sloping stream banks of small, 

 first-order tributaries timberline; all were beneath old-growth canopy in shallow depressions or 

 cavities and associated with woody debris and shrubs (Crowley 1994). 



In Washington, interviews with a collector who observed approximately 4 1 nests indicated 

 that 90% occurred on mid-channel islands which were used in muhiple years (Schirato 1993). 

 Jewett et al. (1953) reported two nests from Washington, one on a rocky point of a stream, the 

 other on an open island. 



In Iceland, the availability of nest sites may be a secondary factor in determining Harlequin 

 distribution (following food availability) (Bengtson 1966). They prefer to nest on inaccessible 

 islands in swift streams; they may also be located in caves or holes in lava or under dense brush 

 (Bengtson 1966). Of 98 nests in Iceland, 66 were on islands and 32 were on river banks; only 7 

 were more than 5 m from water (Bengtson 1972). The nests were typically located in dense 

 shrubs (71 of 98), with some in scattered shrubs (11), grass and forbs (8), and rocks and cavities 

 (10) (Bengtson 1972). 



Nest sites are sometimes reused (Schirato 1994, Thompson 1985). 



Harlequins were rarely seen at nest sites; rather, they were almost always seen downstream 

 (Cassirer et al. 1993). 



EGGS 



Clutch size In Montana, a clutch of 5 was reported (Diamond and Finnegan 1993), four 

 clutches of 6, 6, 7, and 7 were reported in British Columbia (Campbell et al. 1990), and 2 clutches 

 of 7 in Washington (Jewett et al. 1953). In Iceland, 77 complete clutches averaged 5.7 eggs with 

 a range of 3-9 (Bengtson 1972). There was a seasonal decline in clutch size (Bengtson 1972). 

 The mean number of eggs to hatch from successful nests was 5.3 (Bengtson 1972). The only 

 Greenland clutch size reported is 8 (Salomonsen 1950). 



Egg laying 



When started in relation to nest completion. No availbe information. 



Time of day and rate of deposition. Bengtson ( 1 966) followed three nests and found that 

 intervals between eggs were 2-4 days, with 3 days being the most common interval and with 4 

 days rare. 



INCUBATION 



11 



