Hatching 10 



Postbreeding 10 



NEST SITE 10 



EGGS 11 



INCUBATION 12 



DEMOGRAPHY AND POPULATIONS 12 



MEASURES OF BREEDING ACTIVITY 12 



Age at first breeding; intervals between breeding 12 



Clutch size 12 



Annual and lifetime reproductive success 13 



Proportion of total females that rear at least one brood to nest-leaving 13 



Sex ratio , 13 



LIFE SPAN AND SURVIVORSHIP 13 



CAUSES OF MORTALITY 14 



Causes of death 14 



Exposure and predation 14 



RANGE 15 



Dispersal fi"om natal stream 15 



Fidehty to natal stream 15 



POPULATION STATUS 15 



Estimates or counts of density 15 



Numbers 16 



Trends 16 



POPULATION REGULATION 17 



CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT 17 



EFFECTS OF HUMAN ACTIVITY TO HARLEQUIN DUCK POPULATIONS, 



REPRODUCTION, AND BEHAVIOR 17 



Disturbance on the breeding grounds 17 



Noise 19 



Collecting and trapping 19 



Shooting 19 



Fishing 19 



Pesticide and other contaminants/toxics 19 



Degradation of habitat: breeding and wintering 20 



MANAGEMENT 20 



Federal 20 



States/Heritage Programs 20 



Other legal status 21 



Mitigation procedures 21 



ONGOING RESEARCH THAT RELATES TO ANY OF THE TOPICS LISTED ABOVE 21 



IV 



