539 



possible effects of restrictive legislation on our future work (now being conducted 

 in San Diego and Hawaii) and the work of our colleagues at other research in- 

 stitutions. (For your information regarding the nature of research done under the 

 Navy program, I enclose an annotated bibliography of reports published in the 

 open literature.) 



As curator of the original Marineland in Florida from 1951 to 1963, I am spe- 

 cially aware of the contributions to scientific knowledge made by that institution 

 and by other commercial oceanariums which followed it. The Marineland Re- 

 search Laboratory was built primarily for the benefit of visiting investigators 

 who were provided facilities and specimens without charge. The most significant 

 observations published on the behavior of small cetaceans have, with very few 

 exceptions, being made at the Florida and California Marinelands. 



I would urge your committee to distinguish between those institutions which 

 employ competent biologists and veterinarians and contribute to advancing sci- 

 entific knowledge and the state of the art in care and maintenance of marine 

 mammals, and those which are ill-informed, uncaring, and wasteful of our 

 biological resources. 



Some of the legislation you are considering, notably the Harris Senate Bill 

 and Representative Pryor's H.R. 6554, would — as originally drafted, at least — 

 have put the commercial oceanariums out of business and severely restricted 

 the operations of non-profit zoos and aquariums. Yet if it were not for the 

 pioneering efforts of the major commercial oceanariums our knowledge of the 

 small cetaceans would still be rudimentary, scientific investigations at research 

 institutions (including the Navy's) would either not have gotten under way or 

 would have been delayed for decades, and public interest and concern would 

 be virtually non-existent. 



Everyone I know in this business agrees that controls are desirable. But there 

 is also agreement that highly restrictive and strictly protective legislation is 

 unwise, that truly effective and enlightened measures will be based on concepts 

 of regulation and management. The provisions that no new species of marine 

 mammal can be brought into captivity make no sense at all, nor do other restric- 

 tions which would hamper the acquisition of knowledge. 



There is still much to be learned about these mammals that have become so 

 highly adapted to an aquatic existence. They constitute a rich store house of 

 information that can benefit man in various ways. But man also needs to learn 

 more about them if he is to adequately protect and preserve them. I hope you and 

 your committee will be alert to proix)sed measures that would hinder us from 

 acquiring additional knowledge about these remarkable creatures. 



F. G. Woods, 

 Senior Scientist and Consultant, 



Ocean Sciences Department. 



Annoted Bibliography of Publications From the Navy Marine Mammal 



Program 



sound, sonar, communication 



Evans. W. E. 1967 Vocalization among marine mammals. In : Marine BioAcous- 



tics Vol. II. pp. 159-186 (Ed. W. N. Tavolga) Pergamon Press. 

 An account of the kinds of soimds produced by marine mammals with dis- 

 cussion of what is known regarding their significance. 

 Powell, B. A., 1966. Periodicity of vocal activity of captive Atlantic bottlenose 



dolphins, Tursiops truncatus. Bull. So. Calif. Academy Sciences 65 (4) : 237- 



244. 

 Periodicity of vocal activity was found to be related to feeding periods and 

 could be altered by changing the feeding schedule. 

 Cummings, W. C. et 1968. Underwater sounds of migrating gray whales, 



Eschrichtius glaucus (Cope). Jour. Acoustical Soc. Am. ^4 (5) : 1278-1281. 



"Moans" lasting 1.5 sec. were the most common sounds recorded. Underwater 

 sounds ranged in frequency from 15 to 200 Hz. 

 Fish, J. F. and H. E. Winn 19(59. Sounds of marine animals. Encyclopedia of 



Marine Resources, (Ed. F. E. Firth) Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., pp. (>49- 



655. 

 Summarizes important contributions to our knowledge of marine mammal 

 sound production and hearing. Includes the major papers up to 1967. 



