branchlets. The spores become overgrown 

 by the tree and can lay dormant for decades 

 (Maloy 1991). Heaviest infections tend to 

 occur in advanced regeneration growing 

 under an infected overstory. Growth of the 

 fungus is reactivated when the tree is 

 wounded, either naturally or mechanically, 

 develops frost cracks, or is otherwise altered 

 physiologically. The fungus causes extensive 

 decay of the heartwood and, over time, these 

 trees become much more susceptible to stem 

 breakage. A rule-of-thumb is that 1 conk on 

 the stem of a tree indicates approximately 16 

 feet of extensive decay in either direction, 

 while several conks on the stem of a tree 

 indicate that the tree is nonmerchantable. 



To reduce losses from this pathogen, 

 management recommendations include: (1) 

 keeping rotations of susceptible species 

 under 150 years; (2) not avoiding or delaying 

 early thinnings; (3) selecting the most 

 vigorous, nonwounded trees as residuals; 

 and (4) minimizing wounding of susceptible 

 hosts when thinning, prescribed burning, or 

 performing any silvicultural treatments (Filip 

 eta!. 1983). 



Literature Cited 



Amman, G.D., McGregor, M.D., and Dolph, R.E., 

 Jr. 1989. Mountain pine beetle. Forest Insect and 

 Disease Leaflet 2. USDA Forest Service, 

 Washington, D.C. 11 p. 



Beatty, J.S., Filip, G.M., and Mathiasen, R.L. 1997. 

 Larch dwarf mistletoe. Forest Insect and Disease 

 Leaflet 169. USDA Forest Service, Washington, D. 

 C. 7p. 



Bull, E.L., Parks, C.G., and Torgersen, T.R. 1997. 

 Trees and logs important to wildlife in the Interior 

 Columbia River Basin. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW- 

 391 . USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest 

 Research Station, Portland, Oregon. 55 p. 



Etheridge, D.E., and Hunt, R.S. 1978. True 

 heartrots of British Columbia. Pest Leaflet 55. 

 Canadian Forestry Service, Pacific Forest 

 Research Centre, Victoria, British Columbia. 10 p. 



Ferrell, G.T. 1986. Fir engraver. Forest Insect and 

 Disease Leaflet 13. USDA Forest Service, Pacific 

 Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, 

 Berkeley, California. 8 p. 



Filip, G.M., Aho, P.E., and Wiitala, M.R. 1983. 

 Indian paint fungus: a method for reducing hazard 

 in advanced grand and white fir regeneration in 

 eastern Oregon and Washington. Report R6- 

 FPM-PR-293-87. USDA Forest Service, Pacific 

 Northwest Region, Portland, Oregon. 24 p. 



Gibson, K. 2004. Western larch mortality in 

 western Montana. Report TR-04-1 1 . USDA Forest 

 Service Region 1 , Forest Health Protection, 

 Missoula, Montana. 3 p. 



Goheen, D.J., and Hansen, E.M. 1993. Effects of 

 pathogens and bark beetles on forests. Pages 

 175-196 in: Beetle-Pathogen Interaction in Conifer 

 Forests. Schowalter, T.D., and Filip, G.M., eds. 

 Academic Press, San Diego. 252 p. 



Hansen, E.M., and Lewis, K.J., eds. 1997. 

 Compendium of Conifer Diseases. American 

 Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, Minnesota. 

 101 p. 



Hawksworth, F.G. 1977. The 6-class dwarf 

 mistletoe rating system. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-48. 

 USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and 

 Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, Colorado. 

 6 p. 



Maloy, C. 1991. ReV\e\N of Echinodontium 

 tinctorium 1895-1990. Extension Bulletin 1592. 

 Washington State University Cooperative 

 Extension, Pullman. 29 p. 



Pierce, W.R. 1960. Dwarf mistletoe and its effect ■ 

 upon the larch and Douglas-fir of western 

 Montana. Bulletin No. 10. Montana State 

 University School of Forestry, Missoula. 38 p. 



Schmitz, R.F., and Gibson, K.E. 1996. Douglas-fir 

 beetle. Forest Insect and Disease Leaflet 5. 

 USDA Forest Service, Washington, D.C. 8 p. 



Schwandt, J., and Zack, A. 1996. White pine leave 

 tree guidelines. Report 96-3. USDA Forest 

 Service, Northern Region, Missoula, Montana. 7 p. 



Cilly Bug Salvage Timber Sale Project 



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