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3 



are typically relatively static over long periods of time, showing neither 

 large increases or decreases. 



It is possible to develop managed stands which do retain more structural 

 variability and can, therefore, provide for more ecological functions. One 

 example that is currently being explored is creation of stands with lower tree 

 densities. Another is retention or creation of snags and do%m boles on cutovef 

 areas. The development of silvicultural systems which better acommodate both 

 commodity and ecological values is a rich area for reseeu-ch and field trial. 



My co«nents to this point have focused primarily upon stands rather than 

 landscapes; it is absolutely critical to also consider how the landscape 

 functions as a whole. Many organisms, such as larger wildlife, utilize the 

 entire landscape mosaic for various purposes and at various life stages. 

 Similarly, anadromous fish depend upon the health of the entire landscape 

 (water quality) and not just on conditions in a single stream reach. Hence, it 

 is necessary to consider how entire landscapes or river valleys function 

 ecologically; individual stands or streeun reaches are not appropriately 

 considered out of their landscape context. Ecologically, activities going on 

 outside of a specific stand or stream reach may be as important as those that 

 are going on at the site. 



Part of the landscape perspective is the recognition that not all parts of the 

 Tongass forest landscape are created equal. Some forest areas are much more 

 productive than others. Some stream reaches are particularly valuable eis 

 habitat for fish and bear. One ecological fact that makes the resolution of 

 conflicts on the Tongass very difficult is that some of the most productive 



