ORAl'TElS\in>KM)lX 1 



wolf-human conflict: where a public safety problem develops; a situation where an MFWP employee reasonably 

 determines that the continued presence poses a threat to human safety, an attack has resulted in the loss of livestock 

 or personal pets, or that a human has been physically injured or killed. 



wolf-livestock conflict: where a wolf or wolves are loitering, testing, worrying, or otherwise disrupting livestock; 

 also, a situation where a wolf is suspected to have killed or injured livestock or guarding animals 



worrying: to disrupt, cause anxiety, make uneasy, or harass repeatedly or over a period of time; also, to seize, 

 especially by the throat, with the teeth and shake or mangle 



WS: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services; federal work 

 unit with responsibility to address and resolve damage caused by wildlife; examples include bird concentrations at 

 airports or depredation on livestock 



YNP: Yellowstone National Park 



LITERATURE CITED 



Animal Damage Control. 1994. Final Environmental impact statement. United State Department of Agriculture, 

 Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Evaluation Services, Policy and Program Development, 

 Washington, D.C. 



Arjo, W. M. 1998. The effects of recolonizing wolves on coyote populations, movements, behaviors, and food 

 habits. PhD dissertation. University of Montana, Missoula. 141pp. 



Aune, K. E. 1991. Increasing mountain lion populations and human-mountain lion interactions in Montana. Pages 

 86-94 in Mountain Lion - Human Interactions: A Symposium and Workshop. Clait Braun, ed. April 24- 

 26, Denver Colorado. 



Ballard, W. B., J.S. Whitman, and C. L. Gardner. 1987. Ecology of an exploited wolf population in south central 

 Alaska. Wildlife Monographs. No. 98. 54pp. 



Ballard, W. B., L. A. Ayres, P. R. Krausman, D. J. Reed, and S. G. Fancy. 1997. Ecology of wolves in relation to a 

 migratory caribou herd in northwest Alaska. Wildlife Monographs No. 135. 



Ballard, W. B., D. Lutz, T. W. Keegan, L. H. Carpenter, and J. C. Devos Jr. 2001. Deer-predator relationships: a 

 review of recent North American studies with emphasis on mule and black-tailed deer. Wildlife Society 

 Bulletin 29(1): 99-1 15. 



Bangs, E. E., S. H. Fritts, J. A. Fontaine, D. W. Smith, K. M. Murphy, C. M. Mack, and C. C. Niemeyer. 1998. 



Status of gray wolf restoration in Montana, Idaho, and Wyoming. Wildlife Society Bulletin 26(4):785-798. 



Bangs, E. E. and J. Shivik. 2001. Managing wolf conflict with livestock in the northwestern United States. 

 Carnivore Damage Prevention News. No. 3/July:2-5. 



Beier, P. 1991. Cougar attacks on humans in the United States and Canada. Wildlife Society Bulletin 19(4):403- 

 412. 



Bjorge, R. R. and J. R. Gunson. 1985. Evaluation of wolf control to reduce cattle predation in Alberta. Journal of 

 Range Management 38(6):483-487. 



Boyd, D. K. and G. K. Neale. 1992. An adult cougar, Felis concolor, killed by gray wolves, Cunis lupus, in Glacier 

 National Park, Montana. Canadian Field Naturalist 106:524-525. 



61 



