212 OUR FEDERAL LANDS 



of developing ambition for himself and his race, gen- 

 erations to come will show. What Commissioner 

 Charles H. Burke calls the missionary spirit inspires 

 much of the work of the Indian Service to-day both 

 at headquarters and in the field. Without it the 

 work would not succeed. 



The dry, hot Southwest developed a very differ- 

 ent primitive Indian, though racially identical, from 

 the East and North. The Hopi, Navajo, and other 

 tribes of pueblo dwellers were tillers of the soil 

 rather than followers of game. Builders of stone 

 community houses often of large size, they con- 

 structed efficient irrigation systems aiming for per- 

 manency and a progressive civilization. Communi- 

 ties which were ancient when the Spaniards invaded 

 our Southwest still exist, but for each occupied 

 dwelling hundreds are in ruins, recording the rapac- 

 ity and greed of enemy tribes of prehistoric times. 

 The Pueblo Indians' greatest enemy so far as we 

 can now guess were the Apaches, several reserva- 

 tions of which are scattered through the region. 



Rights of Indians to about 17,000 acres of land 

 attached to each pueblo were granted by the original 

 Spanish conquerors, established under the United 

 States in the treaty with Spain of 1848, confirmed 

 by Congress in 1859, and passed upon by the Su- 

 preme Court in 1913. But, under the assumption 

 that the Indians had the right to sell parcels of their 

 lands, there was much white settlement meantime 

 upon these lands ; some parcels passed by actual sale, 

 but most by squatting and claiming. Many lands to 



