292 OUR FEDERAL LANDS 



The historic remains of later periods vary 

 widely. A bare acre on a California headland is 

 supposed to have been the first land sighted from 

 the Pacific, in 1542; it is called the Cabrillo National 

 Monument. Wheeler in the Colorado Mountains, 

 Big Hole Battle Ground in Montana and Lava Beds 

 in California commemorate Indian battles, the first 

 a massacre. Fort Niagara reproduces a cross 

 erected in 1688 as a memorial, Sitka and Old Ka- 

 saan, both in Alaska, were respectively a deserted 

 Indian village and the scene of a massacre of Rus- 

 sians. Scotts Bluff in Nebraska was a wilderness 

 landscape before the white man and afterward, and 

 Verandrye was the bluff from which white men first 

 saw the country west of the Missouri River. Pipe 

 Spring in Arizona conserves a wilderness water 

 hole with historic Mormon buildings. Meriwether 

 Lewis, in Tennessee, contains the great explorer's 

 grave. Fort McHenry in Maryland commemorates 

 the writing of the Star Spangled Banner, Fort Pu- 

 laski in Georgia and Castle Pinckney in South Caro- 

 lina remain from 1810; Pulaski was refitted for the 

 Civil War. 



Of our twenty-two geologic monuments, eight 

 are limestone caves, and more are threatened. The 

 federal lands may possess a hundred thousand lime- 

 stone caves, each of which appears very wonderful 

 to local imaginations. One of these, high up a moun- 

 tainside, overlooks a sample of the trail travelled 

 by the Lewis and Clark Expedition; for which 



