EXPERIMENTS CONDUCTED WITH A VIEW TO CONTROLLING DISEASE. 47 



abundance of foliage, and had a healthy appearance. It was heavily pruned in July, 1915, and the 

 fruit was picked on 16th March, 1916, with the following result : 



Total Yield. 



No. 

 181 



Clean. 

 On Tree. Windfalls. 



Pitted. 

 On Tree. Windfalls. p er ccnt . Pitted. 



No. 

 132 



No. 

 38 



No. 

 6 



(i 



Considering the treatment to which this tree was subjected, the recovery was good, and in some 

 instances as much as a foot of new wood was added during the season's growth. The amount of Pit is 

 much reduced, compared with other trees of the same variety in the orchard treated in the ordinary 

 way. 



PRUNING TO BUDS AT DIFFERENT ANGLES. 



In order to test the effect on the growth of the bud of pruning a leader so that the cut was towards 

 the bud, away from the bud, and level with the bud respectively, a Cleopatra tree was chosen, in which 

 the leaders had made average growth. Each of three leaders of equal vigour was pruned accordingly 

 on 28th August, and the tree did not flower. 



The growth made by the leaders pruned at different angles was determined in July, 1916, and the 

 best growth was made where the cut was away from the bud, while the poorest growth was made where 

 the cut was down towards the bud. The best cut is evidently one which leads up to the bud and 

 leaves sufficient wood around it to supply nourishment without leaving any dead wood for rot to set in. 



A simple experiment like this throws light upon the movement of the sap by means of the resulting 

 growth. It is evident that the amount of sap varies, according to the angle at which it traverses the 

 wood. Where the bud was at the highest point of the leader the growth was greatest, because the 

 sap travels fastest on upright lines, and where the movement was horizontal there was a less amount 

 of sap and less growth. Further, there will be a greater pressure of the sap in the perpendicular or 

 upright shoot, just as the river in flood, with its greater volume of water, exercises more force than 

 when following its normal course. 



LATERALS IN THEIR RELATION TO BITTER PIT. 



The fruit-growing laterals previously selected all bore fruit this season, although generally in 

 small quantities (Figs. 50-58). 



The following table shows the relative amount of Pit, as compared with that on the rest of the 

 tree : 



TABLE XXVI. 



LATERALS OF APPLE TREES, SHOWING YIELD AND AMOUNT OF PIT. 



Variety. 



Pomme de Neige 

 Boston Russet 

 Shockley 



Rhode Island Greening 3 

 Statesman 

 Reinette du Canada 

 London Pippin 

 Yates 

 Crow's Egg 

 Swaar 



Stayman's Winesap 

 Jonathan 



