LITERATURE. 67 



Whatever tends to regulate the "flow of sap" and distribute it to the various fruit-buds so that 

 each receives its due share without being over-gorged, will also tend to prevent Pit. It is evident that 

 pruning is the great factor here, and it has been proved experimentally that the Pit in a susceptible 

 variety, such as Cleopatra, may be reduced to 4-6 per cent, by this means. But the fruit may be 

 picked from the tree without any external trace of Bitter Pit and develop it afterwards. It was one 

 of the main objects of this investigation to prevent the loss due to this cause in oversea shipments of 

 fruit, and this serious loss may now be prevented by the exercise of common-sense methods. By 

 keeping the fruit in cold storage at a uniform temperature of 30-32 degrees Fahr., the development of 

 Bitter Pit is retarded, and at the same time the ripening process is arrested. This is based upon the 

 well-known principle that at that temperature there is a slowing down of the vital activities, and it is 

 practically a case of suspended animation. 



All these results have been obtained by the experimental method, which is the only sure and satis- 

 factory way of advancing our knowledge and at the same time assisting the orchardist. The practical 

 applications have already Leen given in Report IV., p. 78. 



LITERATURE. 



1. Bois, M. The "Grease" or Spot Disease of the Apple. Bull. Soc. Nationale d'Aeclimntation de France, p. 152. 



1915. 



2. BROOKS, C., and FISHER, D. F. Spot Diseases of the Apple causing much general confusion. Read before the 



Washington State Horticultural Association. Better Fruit. February, 1016. 



3. Irrigation and Bitter Pit. Phytopathology, VI., No. 1, p. 111. 1916. 



4. CRABILI,, 0. H., and THOMAS, H. E. Stippen and Spray Injury. Ibid., VI., No. 1, p. 51. 191(1. 



5. GALLAND, M. Alteration of the Crimean Apple. Revue Horticole, p. 436. 1906. 



6. GREEN, THAYER, and KEIL. Varieties of Apples in Ohio. Ohio Agr. Exp. Station. Bull. 290. 1915. 



7. KRAUS, E. J. The Study of Fruit-buds. Better Fruit. October, 1915. 



8. MANGIN, M. La graisse des pommes. Revue Horticole, p. 163. 1901. 



9. NORTON, J. B. S. Jonathan Fruit Spot. Phytopathology, III., p. 99. 1913. 



10. WOODS, A. F. Stigmonose : a Disease of Carnations and other Pinks. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Division 

 of Vegetable Physiology and Pathology. Bull. 19. 1900. 



