36o APPENDIX 



taken. For four horses, drawing a wagon that carries four 

 persons and their bedding, provisions, and tools, another 

 team of four horses must also be taken to haul sufficient 

 hay and grain to feed the eight horses for two weeks. 

 There are but few places in the desert, away from the 

 railroads, where hay or grain of any kind can be procured. 

 As the teams are rarely able to travel faster than a walk, 

 heavy horses that are good walkers should be selected. 

 The tires should be as wide as can be procured. Desirable 

 widths of tires for freight wagons are six to nine inches; 

 for light wagons, three inches. 



Travellers will often find springs choked by debris 

 washed in by rain-storms, or contaminated by the bodies 

 of desert animals that have fallen in and drowned. It is 

 therefore necessary to provide a pick, shovel, bucket, and 

 rope for cleaning the wells. 



At all times except in midsummer — when the desert 

 should be avoided — the traveller must be provided with 

 clothing suitable for both extreme heat and extreme cold. 

 His route over a part of the journey may extend through 

 heated valleys that lie near sea-level, or he may have to 

 camp in the mountains, at elevations of three thousand 

 to six thousand feet, where the temperature may fall 

 nearly to the freezing-point before morning. For protec- 

 tion during the early morning hours he must therefore 

 have warm, heavy blankets, and a heavy overcoat or its 

 equivalent. Many cases of pneumonia and "mountain 

 fever " have been caused by extremes of temperature for 

 which no adequate provision had been made. In winter 

 the temperature in this region may reach 85° or 95° dur- 

 ing the day and fall to the freezing-point before midnight. 

 The traveller should be provided with a canvas sheet that 

 is long enough to lay under his bedding and fold back 

 over it, as well as to cover his head in case of sand-storms. 



The outer clothing should be of a color that will reflect 

 as much heat as possible — that is, white, gray, or yellow 



