viii THE APPLE 



PAGE 



CHAPTER IX. PLANTING 71 



Fall versus spring planting, 71 — Planting board, 72 — Hand digging 



and planting, 73 — Plowing out and planting, 74 — Digging holes with 



-a 'Aynamite, 75 — Principles of blasting, 75 — Preparing caps and fuse, 76 



, • . Tamping, 79 — Firing, 79 — What to do in case of misfire, 79 — 



- oC )> Egging holes with dynamite. So — Watering, 82 



of the Iov 



Horticu1* APTER X - PROPER PRUNING 83 



The knowledge a pruner should have, 83 — Why we prune, S3 — When 

 to prune, 84 — Root pruning, 85 — Pruning the top, 85 — Pruning one- 

 year-old tree, 87 — Second-year pruning, 88 — Third- and fourth-year 

 prunings, 89 — The effect of pruning, 90 — Influence on "off" years, 

 90 — What to do with thinnings, 90 



CHAPTER XI. COVER CROPS 91 



Benefits derived from cover crops, 91 — Bad effects of cover crops, 92 



— Classification of cover crops, 93 — Erect snow-holding versus pros- 

 trate mulch-forming cover crops, 93 — Frost-killing versus frost-resistant 

 cover crops, 94 — The best cover crop, 95 — General management, 96 



— Management of a young orchard, 96 — Shade crops, 97 



CHAPTER XII. FERTILIZING 99 



Advantages and disadvantages, 99 — Mineral constituents, 100 — 

 Functions and effects of minerals, 101 — What to use, 107 — Time and 

 method of application, 109 — The actual needs of an orchard, 1 10 — 

 The plan, 11 1 — Method of application, 111 



CHAPTER XIII. CULTIVATION 113 



Objects of cultivation, 113 — Tools for cultivation, 117 — Plows, 117 — 

 Harrows, 119 — Method and time of cultivation, 121 — The young 

 orchard, 121 — The older trees, 122 



CHAPTER XIV. SOD CULTURE VERSUS TILLAGE 123 



Relative merits of the two systems, 124 — General advice, 130 



CHAPTER XV. IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE 131 



Water supplies for orchards, 131 — Location of the trees, 134 — Furrow 

 irrigation, 136 — Earthen head ditches, 136 — Short tubes in head 

 ditches, 137 — Head flumes, 139 — Pipes and standpipes, 141 — Making 

 furrows, 143 — Applying water to furrows, 144 — The basin method, 146 



— The check method, 147 — Time to irrigate, 148 — Number of irri- 

 gations necessary in a season, 149 — Duty of water in irrigating apple 

 orchards, 149 — Evaporation losses, 152 — Percolation losses, 153 — 

 Winter irrigation, 153 — Drainage in irrigated orchards, 155 — Drainage 

 in unirrigated orchards, 1 56 



CHAPTER XVI. INTERCROPPING 1 5S 



What crops to use, 15S — Rotation for young orchard, 163 



